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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1275	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus howensis		[MSW3] subniger species group. See Flannery (1995b).; [HMW] Pteropus howensis Troughton, 1931 , Ontong Java, Lord Howe's Group [= Ontong Java Atoll], Solomon Islands . Some authors suggest that P. howensis might be conspecific with P. admiralitatum . Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Flannery (1995b).; [IUCN] Pteropus howensis might be conspecific with P. admiralitatum ; this needs further study. It is treated provisionally here as a separate species following Simmons (2005).; [batnames2023]  griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Flannery (1995b).; [batnames2025_1.7] griseusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Flannery (1995b).										griseus, mimus, pallidus				howensis	Pteropus howensis might be conspecific with P. admiralitatum ; this needs further study. It is treated provisionally here as a separate species following Simmons (2005).			howensis 	howensis 			howensis Troughton, 1931		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Ontong Java Atoll, Solomons; ref. 4.22	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus howensis	Solomon Isis., Ontong Java Isl.	Troughton	1931	Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 56:204.	Distribution: Apparently confined to Ontong Java (just north of the Solomons).		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Ontong Java Atoll, Solomons	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Troughton	1931	Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 56:204.		Ontong Java Isl (Solomon Isis).	Solomon Isis, Ontong Java Isl.		TROUGHTON	1931	Size larger than at least the Solomon island subspecies of P. admiralitatum (forearm length, 116-122 mm; total length of skull, 53-56mm; maxillary tooth row length, 19-22 mm). Tibia naked dorsally. Ears relatively short (21-23 mm). May be conspecific with P. admiralitatum.	Distribution: Apparently confined to Ontong Java (just north of the Solomons).	No subspecies.		22	species	P. howensis	TROUGHTON	1931	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus howensis				Size larger than at least the Solomon island subspecies of P. admiralitatum (forearm length, 116-122 mm; total length of skull, 53-56mm; maxillary tooth row length, 19-22 mm). Tibia naked dorsally. Ears relatively short (21-23 mm). May be conspecific with P. admiralitatum.	No subspecies.		9. P. howensis TROUGHTON 1931 [subniger group].	9	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus howensis	Pteropus		howensis	Troughton		1931		Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.	56		204		Ontong Java Flying Fox	Solomon Isls, Ontong Java Isl.	Ontong Java Isl (Solomon Isls).	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.		subniger species group. See Flannery (1995b).	03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	147	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF9DF6738C7331B0FA51F3E1.xml	Pteropus howensis	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	howensis	Troughton	1931	Roussette d'Ontong Java @fr | Ontong-Java-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Ontong Java @es	Pteropus howensis Troughton, 1931 , Ontong Java, Lord Howe's Group [= Ontong Java Atoll], Solomon Islands . Some authors suggest that P. howensis might be conspecific with P. admiralitatum . Monotypic.	Solomon Is (Ontong Java Atoll); possibly also on Nukumanu I.	Head-body 176— 196 mm (tailless), ear 21-23 mm , hindfoot 33-36 mm , forearm 118-122 mm . Muzzle of the Ontong Java Flying Fox is slightly narrowed and sparsely furred, rhinarium is brown, nostrils are short and tubular, and irises are brown. Ears are dark earth brown, short, broad, and obvious above fur. Head is brown, with intermingling oflighter mantle on crown and as far as between eyes. Cheeks, side of neck, and throat are dark brown. Mantle is strongly bicolored, with hairs dark brown basally and golden cinnamon to ocherous buff distally. Back hair is short and adpressed, with intermingling of silverwhite hairs, overall ranging from auburn to dark auburn. Rump is darker shade of brown. Tibia is naked. Chest is medium brown, with variable washing of lighter mantle; belly is dark medium brown to deep olive buff, with or without sprinkling of silvery buff hair toward center. Uropatagium is sparsely furred, encroaching to marginsof tibia and extending down to one-half the length oftibia. Wing membranes are brown and originate from sides of body. Skull is slightly narrowed, with relatively small orbital diameter and shorter mandible. P, and M, are wide.	[.ow-lying coral atolls.	Green coconuts and inflorescences probably contributed to diets of OntongJava Flying Fox after native vegetation was removed from the 1950s onward, butits rarity might indicate a preference for previously existing native flora.	Two of three female Ontong Java Flying Foxes captured in August were pregnant with embryos weighing 20 g and 29 g .	No information.	The Ontong Java Flying Fox roosts in small colonies.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Ontong Java Flying Fox was known to be rare by the 1950s. Its distribution, assuming it differs from that of the Admiralty Flying Fox ( P. admiralitatum ), is extremely limited; its entire available habitat has been converted to coconut plantations; and the low-lying atoll is likely to be subsumed by rising sea levels. It almost certainly should be classified as Endangered.	Flannery (1995a) | Helgen & Allison (2008) | Phillips (1968) | Sanborn & Nicholson (1950) | Simmons (2005)		160. Ontong Java Flying Fox Pteropus howensis French: Roussette d'Ontong Java / German: Ontong-Java-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Ontong Java Taxonomy. Pteropus howensis Troughton, 1931 , Ontong Java, Lord Howe's Group [= Ontong Java Atoll], Solomon Islands . Some authors suggest that P. howensis might be conspecific with P. admiralitatum . Monotypic. Distribution. Solomon Is (Ontong Java Atoll); possibly also on Nukumanu I. Descriptive notes. Head-body 176— 196 mm (tailless), ear 21-23 mm , hindfoot 33-36 mm , forearm 118-122 mm . Muzzle of the Ontong Java Flying Fox is slightly narrowed and sparsely furred, rhinarium is brown, nostrils are short and tubular, and irises are brown. Ears are dark earth brown, short, broad, and obvious above fur. Head is brown, with intermingling oflighter mantle on crown and as far as between eyes. Cheeks, side of neck, and throat are dark brown. Mantle is strongly bicolored, with hairs dark brown basally and golden cinnamon to ocherous buff distally. Back hair is short and adpressed, with intermingling of silverwhite hairs, overall ranging from auburn to dark auburn. Rump is darker shade of brown. Tibia is naked. Chest is medium brown, with variable washing of lighter mantle; belly is dark medium brown to deep olive buff, with or without sprinkling of silvery buff hair toward center. Uropatagium is sparsely furred, encroaching to marginsof tibia and extending down to one-half the length oftibia. Wing membranes are brown and originate from sides of body. Skull is slightly narrowed, with relatively small orbital diameter and shorter mandible. P, and M, are wide. Habitat. [.ow-lying coral atolls. Food and Feeding. Green coconuts and inflorescences probably contributed to diets of OntongJava Flying Fox after native vegetation was removed from the 1950s onward, butits rarity might indicate a preference for previously existing native flora. Breeding. Two of three female Ontong Java Flying Foxes captured in August were pregnant with embryos weighing 20 g and 29 g . Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Ontong Java Flying Fox roosts in small colonies. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Ontong Java Flying Fox was known to be rare by the 1950s. Its distribution, assuming it differs from that of the Admiralty Flying Fox ( P. admiralitatum ), is extremely limited; its entire available habitat has been converted to coconut plantations; and the low-lying atoll is likely to be subsumed by rising sea levels. It almost certainly should be classified as Endangered. Bibliography. Flannery (1995a), Helgen & Allison (2008), Phillips (1968), Sanborn & Nicholson (1950), Simmons (2005).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus howensis	Pteropus		howensis	Troughton	1931	0	Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.	59:24:00	Ontong Java Flying Fox	None.	Solomon Isls, Ontong Java Isl.	Ontong Java Isl (Solomon Isls).	Appendix II	Critically Endangered	 griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Flannery (1995b).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus howensis	23	Ontong Java Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	howensis	Troughton	1931	0	Pteropus_howensis	Troughton, E. L. G. (1931). Three new bats of the genera Pteropus, Nyctimene, and Chaerephon from Melanesia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 56(3), 204.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/108604#page/262/mode/1up	AM M.4408		Ontong Java, Lord Howe's Group [= Ontong Java Atoll], Solomon Islands.			howensis Troughton, 1931	NA	NA	Solomon Islands	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	CR	0	0	0	Pteropus_howensis	0	sciname match	Pteropus_howensis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18728	Pteropus howensis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	howensis	Troughton, 1931	Pteropus howensis might be conspecific with P. admiralitatum ; this needs further study. It is treated provisionally here as a separate species following Simmons (2005).	20000000	Pteropus howensis	Critically Endangered	C2a(ii)	2021	2019-07-28 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<p><em style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Pteropus howensis ; <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">is listed as Critically Endangered under criterion C2a(ii) because the ;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">global population is estimated to consist of a single subpopulation of ;125–280 ;mature individuals (70% of the total population of 175–400), which is unevenly distributed across Ontong Java atoll.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> ;Its ;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">known and potential occurrence is on 10 to 20 islets which are a maximum of 1 km²</span><sup> </sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">each, and four islands &lt;4 km²</span><sup> </sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Ontong Java atoll is eroding, and is likely to be subsumed by rising sea levels. There has been a past population decline, and there is a projected continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to continued habitat loss and hunting.</span> ; ;</p>	<p>The roost tree containing the highest number of individuals of this species is an ironwood Casuarina equisetifolia . On Luaniua, this was the only roost tree in September 2018. On smaller islands, they roost in Pandanus trees or coconut palms. Roosting group size was 6–95. Based on camera trapping, spotlighting observations and local knowledge, Ontong Java Flying Foxes eat breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis ), nectar from coconut flowers (Cocos nucifera ), pandanus fruit (Pandanus spp), cut nut (Barringtonia edulis ), pawpaw (Carica papaya ), and other cultivated species (possibly inkori: Dillenia sp ). Spotlighting indicated that they forage individually, and most of the individuals observed were in coconut or breadfruit trees at night. Two females captured in late September were not lactating or pregnant. The smallest captured in September 2018 individual (115 mm body length) was an immature animal with undeveloped testes.</p>Size at maturity (in cms): Female: Mass 310 g, forearm 118 mm, body length 175 mm, tibia 58 mm (n=1) Size at maturity (in cms): Male: Mass 313 g, forearm 120 mm, body length 188 mm, tibia 57 mm (n=3) On Luaniua, the species appears to mainly forage on this island where it roosts, and there was no mass fly-out from the roost over the water at dusk. However, it can fly between islands to forage; many small islands around the atoll periphery are tens to hundreds of metres apart. This species roosts in camps. On Luaniua, all individuals occupied the largest tree on the island during the day.<p></p>	<p>Due to its highly restricted range and distribution entirely at sea level, it is vulnerable to stochastic events such as cyclones and severe tidal surges, which erode vegetation that it needs for food and roosting. In the past, trees have also been cut down. Islands of Ontong Java atoll are eroding under sea level rise, and crops including fruit trees used by bats are in increasing danger of saltwater inundation. In addition to direct habitat loss, resulting pressure on human food security may increase incidental harvesting of bats. Any increase in harvesting would be a threat to this very small population. Camera trapping revealed frequent visits by black rats to breadfruit, one of the bat’s main foods in September. As land is eroded, competition from rats for food may increase. Ontong Java atoll is currently free of the coconut rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros , which has recently severely damaged productivity of coconut in other areas of the Solomon Islands. The flying fox relies on coconut for food, and roosts in coconut palms on small islands. If the coconut rhinoceros beetle were to arrive, it would be a serious threat to the flying fox. The likely eventual evacuation of people from the atoll might have negative consequences for the Ontong Java Flying Fox, such as cessation of fruit tree planting and production management, and cessation of rat control and tidal surge barrier maintenance.</p>	An expedition by this assessment's Contributors in September 2018 assessed population size in the sole roost tree on the largest island of Luaniua, and estimated the number potentially roosting on other islands. The estimated population size on Luaniua is 85 ± 10. The team found nine bats roosting on one smaller island, and six bats roosting on another. They did not survey the second-largest island of Pelau, but were told by local people that there is a smaller roost there than on Luaniua. Given the small number of islands with trees suitable for roosting (10-20), there may be up to 50-100 individuals on smaller islands. Even if the species also exists on Nukumanu, the total population of P. howensis is estimated to be 175 to 400 bats total, and assuming 70% are adults, there is an estimated 125 to 280 mature individuals. The population is declining. Local people reported that they observed more bats flying out from roost trees at dusk in the past than they do now. Roost trees have been cut down on Luaniua in the last two decades, so only one now remains. There is also incidental harvesting of bats, and ongoing erosion of the vegetated islands under continuing sea level rise.	Decreasing	<p>Pteropus howensis is restricted to Ontong Java Atoll in the Solomon Islands (Flannery 1995) and likely the smaller Nukumanu Atoll (Papua New Guinea) which is 38 km to the north of Ontong Java and nearly 700 km to the east of New Britain. Ontong Java Atoll consists of 120 small, low coral atolls (50 vegetated islands and islets, a handful with trees) that enclose a vast lagoon extending 70 km between the two largest islands where villages are located; Luaniua in the southeast and Pelau in the north. In the south west the islands of Keila and Keloma also have trees. Each of these islands is 1-2 km long and maximum &lt;500 m wide. The atoll is 250 km north of Isabel, Solomon Islands. The smaller Nukumanu Atoll has unconfirmed reports of Pteropus and is approximately 4.6 km² and has a maximum elevation of only one (1) metre above sea level</p>	It is listed on Appendix II on CITES, but nothing is known about the use or trade of this species.	Terrestrial	<p>This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. It is not in any protected areas. The most important conservation efforts will include education to prevent importation of coconut material and soil that could introduce the coconut rhinoceros beetle to Ontong Java atoll, and awareness of the value of this flying fox among children, to reduce or prevent incidental harvesting. Efforts to slow down erosion from seas level rise may also delay habitat loss under climate change. Further studies are needed into the distribution of this species, particularly on Nukumanu. New materials for genetic analysis have recently been collected, so taxonomic uncertainty should soon be resolved.</p>	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		howensis	Troughton	1931	0	Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.	59:24:00	Ontong Java Flying Fox	None.	Solomon Isls, Ontong Java Isl.	Ontong Java Isl (Solomon Isls).	Appendix II	Critically Endangered	 griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Flannery (1995b).	Pteropus howensis	1004467	23	Ontong Java Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	howensis	Troughton	1931	0	Pteropus_howensis	Troughton, E. L. G. (1931). Three new bats of the genera Pteropus, Nyctimene, and Chaerephon from Melanesia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 56(3), 204.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/108604#page/262/mode/1up	AM M.4408		Ontong Java, Lord Howe's Group [= Ontong Java Atoll], Solomon Islands.			howensis Troughton, 1931	NA	NA				Solomon Islands	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	CR	0	0	0	Pteropus_howensis	0	sciname match	Pteropus_howensis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_howensis	1004467	23	Ontong Java Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	howensis	Troughton	0	Pteropus howensis	Troughton, E.L.G. 1931. Three new bats of the genera Pteropus, Nyctimene, and Chaerephon from Melanesia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 56:204-209.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34927811	AM M.4408	holotype		Ontong Java, Lord Howe's Group [= Ontong Java Atoll], Solomon Islands.			NA	NA				Solomon Islands	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	CR	0	0	0	Pteropus_howensis	0	sciname match	Pteropus_howensis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		howensis	Troughton	1931	0	Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.	59:24:00	Ontong Java Flying Fox	None.	Solomon Isls, Ontong Java Isl.	Ontong Java Isl (Solomon Isls).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18728/22080900/' target='_blank'>Critically Endangered</a>	griseusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Flannery (1995b).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus howensis; Pteropus howensis; Pteropus howensis; Pteropus howensis; Pteropus howensis; Pteropus howensis; griseus; mimus; pallidus; howensis; Roussette d'Ontong Java; Ontong-Java-Flughund; Zorro volador de Ontong Java; Ontong Java Flying Fox; Ontong Java Flying Fox; Ontong Java Flying Fox; P. howensis