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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1267	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus conspicillatus		[MSW3] conspicillatus species group. See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of possible hybridization with alecto. Also see Flannery (1995a, b), Bonaccorso (1998), and Bergmans (2001).; [HMW] Pteropus conspicillatus Gould, 1850 , “Fitzroy Island,” Queensland , Australia . Pteropus conspicillatus is in the griseus species group. Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of possible hybridization with alecto. Also seeFlannery (1995a, b), Bonaccorso (1998), and Bergmans (2001).; [batnames2023]  griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of possible hybridization with alecto. Also seeFlannery (1995a, b), Bonaccorso (1998), and Bergmans (2001).; [batnames2025_1.7] griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of possible hybridization with alecto. Also seeFlannery (1995a, b), Bonaccorso (1998), and Bergmans (2001).						chrysauchen, mysolensis.	chrysauchen, conspicillatus	conspicillatus, chrysauchen	chrysauchen - mysolensis	conspicillatus, chrysauchen		conspicillatus, chrysauchen	chrysauchen - mysolensis	conspicillatus, chrysauchen, mysolensis		conspicillatus, chrysauchen	chrysauchen - mysolensis	conspicillatus, chrysauchen, mysolensis	conspicillatus, chrysauchen, mysolensis	chrysauchen, conspicillatus 	chrysauchen - mysolensis	conspicillatus J. Gould, 1850|chrysauchen W. C. H. Peters, 1862|mysolensis J. E. Gray, 1871		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Spectacled flying fox	N Moluccas, New Guinea – NE Queensland	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus conspicillatus	Australia, Queensland, Fitzroy Isl.	Gould	1850	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849:109.	Distribution: Ranging form northern Moluccas (Gilolo group) through New Guinea and adjacent small islands to Cape York in northeastern Australia.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Spectacled flying fox	N Moluccas, New Guinea – NE Queensland	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Gould	1850	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1849:109 [1850].		Halmahera Isis; New Guinea and adjacent islands; NE Queensland (Australia).	Australia, Queensland, Fitzroy Isl.		GOULD	1850	Posterior basal ledges of premolars prac tically obliterated. Tibia naked dorsally. Premolars and molars not extremely narrow. Last two upper premolars clearly elongate. Inner edges of plagiopatagia well separated. Ears moderate and rounded. A sharply defined mantle of yellow ish hair present. Size large for group (forearm length, 155-183 mm).	Distribution: Ranging form northern Moluccas (Gilolo group) through New Guinea and adjacent small islands to Cape York in northeastern Australia.	Two currently recognized subspecies:	P. c. chrysauchen (Gilolo group, northeastern New Guinea and surrounding small islands), P. c. conspicillatus (eastern New Guinea, east Papuan islands, Cape York).	26	species	P. conspicillatus	GOULD	1850	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus conspicillatus				Posterior basal ledges of premolars prac tically obliterated. Tibia naked dorsally. Premolars and molars not extremely narrow. Last two upper premolars clearly elongate. Inner edges of plagiopatagia well separated. Ears moderate and rounded. A sharply defined mantle of yellow ish hair present. Size large for group (forearm length, 155-183 mm).	Two currently recognized subspecies:		48. P. conspicillatus GOULD 1850 [conspicillatus group].	48	_P. c. chrysauchen_ Peters, 1862 (synonyms: _mysolensis_ Gray, 1871); _P. c. conspicillatus_ Gould, 1850			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus		conspicillatus	Gould		1849	1850	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1849		109		Spectacled Flying Fox	Australia, Queensland, Fitzroy Isl.	N Moluccas (Indonesia); New Guinea and West Papuan Isls (Raja Ampat Isl, off NW coast of New Guinea); NE Queensland (Australia).	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	chrysauchen Peters, 1862; mysolensis Gray, 1871.	conspicillatus species group. See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of possible hybridization with alecto. Also see Flannery (1995a, b), Bonaccorso (1998), and Bergmans (2001).	03AD87FAFFA5F6488C6B3D46FB03F7CB	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	145	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF93F67D896A308DF875FAA3.xml	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	conspicillatus	Gould	1850	Roussette a lunettes @fr | Brillenflughund @de | Zorro volador de anteojos @es	Pteropus conspicillatus Gould, 1850 , “Fitzroy Island,” Queensland , Australia . Pteropus conspicillatus is in the griseus species group. Two subspecies recognized.	P.c. conspicillatus Gould, 1850 — coastal areas of New Guinea (including Schouten Is), D’Entrecasteux Is, Trobriand Is, Woodlark Is, Louisiade Archipelago, and NE Austral1a (NE Queensland). P. c. chrysauchen Peters, 1862 — N Moluccas (Morotai, Halmahera, Bacan, Obi and nearby Is), Gebe I, and Raja Ampat Is (Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, and Misool).	Head-body 233-295 mm (tailless), ear 25-36 mm , hindfoot 51- 59 mm , forearm 150-189 mm ; weight 0.5- 1 kg . Greatest lengths of skulls are 64— 92 mm and tibias 84-86 mm . Males and females differ in weight but have similar forearm lengths. Subspecies chrysauchen has weaker dentition and more pronounced pale eye rings than nominate form. Eyes are large, with dark brown irises. Rings around eyes are buffy to golden, extending over rostrum with some blackish hairs mixed in. Ears are long, with narrowing to slightly rounded tips. Body, head, chin, throat, and middle of fore neck are dark seal-brown to black, with sprinkles of yellowish to silvery white hair. Fur is short and adpressed, with fur down to knees. Mantle is ocherous buffy to golden to orange, or divided in an orange region near head and creamy white posterior region, extending around to sides of neck and sides of fore neck to a darker tinge. Side of neck is occasionally mixed with blackish hairs. Skull is typical pteropine, with base of postorbital processes very strong and raised above medial frontal region. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Dentition is rather weak, particularly in cheekteeth. C' and C, are long, with vertical groove on outer face. C! is nearly straight and has moderate cingulum forming well-defined rim, with medial longitudinalridge on lingual face of crown. C, has narrow cingulum and is mildly recurved.	Closed forests, gallery forests, Eucalyptus open forests, Melaleuca swamps, coastal swamps, mangroves, tall Acacia trees, urban parks, and orchards from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 200 m . In New Guinea , the Spectacled Flying Fox roosts in secondary forests, coconut ( Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae ) plantations, Casuarina spp. ( Casuarinaceae ), and Araucaria cunninghamii ( Araucariaceae ). In wet seasons in Australia , it forages in coastal and upland rainforests. During cooler months,it prefers to forage on the coast.	The Spectacled Flying Fox primarily eats fruits, occasionally flowers, and rarely foliage. Fruits from at least 14 genera and twelve families, including figs ( Ficus , Moraceae ), are eaten. Large fruits are sometimes taken to anothersite for consumption, dispersing seeds over long distances (estimated maximal dispersal ¢. 80 km ). Individuals might defend c. 3 m around them on a feeding tree and push competing individuals out. When native fruit is scarce, they feed on fruit crops. Flowers are eaten primarily from Myrtaceae ( Eucalyptus , Syncarpia , and Syzygium ) and Proteaceae ( Grevillea ) and two other native genera ( Neolitsea , Lauraceae and Castanospermum , Fabaceae ). Foliage of Albizia ( Fabaceae ) is eaten. The Spectacled Flying Fox was observed eating scarab beetles that infested a Glochidion ( Phyllanthaceae ) tree and spitting out the exoskeletons. Individuals skim over surfaces of freshwater and seawater to drink.	The Spectacled Flying Fox breeds seasonally and reproduces once a year. Females give birth to one young in October-Decemberin large maternity colonies. Mating occurs primarily in March-April. Pregnancy lasts ¢.6 months; lactation lasts 3-4 months. Females reach sexual maturity by two years of age, with lower birth rate (39%) than that of older females (80%). The Spectacled Flying Fox hybridizes with the Black Flying Fox ( P. alecto ) and the Gray-headed Flying Fox ( P. poliocephalus ).	The Spectacled Flying Fox is nocturnal. Individuals leave roosts around dusk to forage and return around dawn. Colonies leave roosts as a loose stream and congregate at foraging sites, with earlier arrivals establishing feeding territories and driving off new arrivals. During the day, they rest at roostsites and exhibit typical pteropodine activity, such as wing flapping and occasional conspecific territorial interactions.	The Spectacled Flying Fox is gregarious and roosts in colonies of 12,000 -20,000 individuals. Longest foraging distance is 43- 4 km (mean 11- 8 km ). In the Atherton Tableland of Australia , seasonal movements occur; in coastal areas with less fluctuation of food resources, roosts tend to be occupied year-round. The Spectacled Flying Fox occasionally roosts with other flying fox species, but there is still some degree of physical segregation among species in roost trees.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Spectacled Flying Fox has a wide distribution and large population that is not declining at a rate to qualify for a threatened category. In Indonesia ,it is threatened by habitat loss from logging and mining and hunting. In New Guinea ,it is threatened by logging and hunting. In Australia , it is threatened by habitat conversion to agriculture, pastureland, and urban area. Additional threats include electrocution on powerlines, entanglement on barbed wire or powerlines, persecution by humans, disturbance of maternity colonies, and infestation with paralysis ticks. Paralysis ticks cause mortality, especially of young, and are likely the consequence of habitat modifications pushing Spectacled Flying Foxes to forage in lowerforest strata. They face increased persecution due to public concerns about diseases, smell, and noise associated with large colonies, particularly when they move into new areas. Subsidies for installing netting to protect crops in New South Wales , Australia , and reduction of number oflicenses to shoot flying foxes have been initiated to reduce potential for mortality. Extreme heat events have caused mass mortalities in Australia .	Almeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Churchill (2008) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Flannery (1995a) | Fox (2006) | Fox et al. (2008) | Helgen, Salas & Bonaccorso (2008) | Parsons, J.G. et al. (2010) | Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management (2010) | Ratcliffe (1932) | Richards (1990a, 1990b) | Simmons (2005) | Westcott et al. (2001)		153. Spectacled Flying Fox Pteropus conspicillatus French: Roussette a lunettes / German: Brillenflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de anteojos Taxonomy. Pteropus conspicillatus Gould, 1850 , “Fitzroy Island,” Queensland , Australia . Pteropus conspicillatus is in the griseus species group. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.c. conspicillatus Gould, 1850 — coastal areas of New Guinea (including Schouten Is), D’Entrecasteux Is, Trobriand Is, Woodlark Is, Louisiade Archipelago, and NE Austral1a (NE Queensland). P. c. chrysauchen Peters, 1862 — N Moluccas (Morotai, Halmahera, Bacan, Obi and nearby Is), Gebe I, and Raja Ampat Is (Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, and Misool). Descriptive notes. Head-body 233-295 mm (tailless), ear 25-36 mm , hindfoot 51- 59 mm , forearm 150-189 mm ; weight 0.5- 1 kg . Greatest lengths of skulls are 64— 92 mm and tibias 84-86 mm . Males and females differ in weight but have similar forearm lengths. Subspecies chrysauchen has weaker dentition and more pronounced pale eye rings than nominate form. Eyes are large, with dark brown irises. Rings around eyes are buffy to golden, extending over rostrum with some blackish hairs mixed in. Ears are long, with narrowing to slightly rounded tips. Body, head, chin, throat, and middle of fore neck are dark seal-brown to black, with sprinkles of yellowish to silvery white hair. Fur is short and adpressed, with fur down to knees. Mantle is ocherous buffy to golden to orange, or divided in an orange region near head and creamy white posterior region, extending around to sides of neck and sides of fore neck to a darker tinge. Side of neck is occasionally mixed with blackish hairs. Skull is typical pteropine, with base of postorbital processes very strong and raised above medial frontal region. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Dentition is rather weak, particularly in cheekteeth. C' and C, are long, with vertical groove on outer face. C! is nearly straight and has moderate cingulum forming well-defined rim, with medial longitudinalridge on lingual face of crown. C, has narrow cingulum and is mildly recurved. Habitat. Closed forests, gallery forests, Eucalyptus open forests, Melaleuca swamps, coastal swamps, mangroves, tall Acacia trees, urban parks, and orchards from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 200 m . In New Guinea , the Spectacled Flying Fox roosts in secondary forests, coconut ( Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae ) plantations, Casuarina spp. ( Casuarinaceae ), and Araucaria cunninghamii ( Araucariaceae ). In wet seasons in Australia , it forages in coastal and upland rainforests. During cooler months,it prefers to forage on the coast. Food and Feeding. The Spectacled Flying Fox primarily eats fruits, occasionally flowers, and rarely foliage. Fruits from at least 14 genera and twelve families, including figs ( Ficus , Moraceae ), are eaten. Large fruits are sometimes taken to anothersite for consumption, dispersing seeds over long distances (estimated maximal dispersal ¢. 80 km ). Individuals might defend c. 3 m around them on a feeding tree and push competing individuals out. When native fruit is scarce, they feed on fruit crops. Flowers are eaten primarily from Myrtaceae ( Eucalyptus , Syncarpia , and Syzygium ) and Proteaceae ( Grevillea ) and two other native genera ( Neolitsea , Lauraceae and Castanospermum , Fabaceae ). Foliage of Albizia ( Fabaceae ) is eaten. The Spectacled Flying Fox was observed eating scarab beetles that infested a Glochidion ( Phyllanthaceae ) tree and spitting out the exoskeletons. Individuals skim over surfaces of freshwater and seawater to drink. Breeding. The Spectacled Flying Fox breeds seasonally and reproduces once a year. Females give birth to one young in October-Decemberin large maternity colonies. Mating occurs primarily in March-April. Pregnancy lasts ¢.6 months; lactation lasts 3-4 months. Females reach sexual maturity by two years of age, with lower birth rate (39%) than that of older females (80%). The Spectacled Flying Fox hybridizes with the Black Flying Fox ( P. alecto ) and the Gray-headed Flying Fox ( P. poliocephalus ). Activity patterns. The Spectacled Flying Fox is nocturnal. Individuals leave roosts around dusk to forage and return around dawn. Colonies leave roosts as a loose stream and congregate at foraging sites, with earlier arrivals establishing feeding territories and driving off new arrivals. During the day, they rest at roostsites and exhibit typical pteropodine activity, such as wing flapping and occasional conspecific territorial interactions. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Spectacled Flying Fox is gregarious and roosts in colonies of 12,000 -20,000 individuals. Longest foraging distance is 43- 4 km (mean 11- 8 km ). In the Atherton Tableland of Australia , seasonal movements occur; in coastal areas with less fluctuation of food resources, roosts tend to be occupied year-round. The Spectacled Flying Fox occasionally roosts with other flying fox species, but there is still some degree of physical segregation among species in roost trees. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Spectacled Flying Fox has a wide distribution and large population that is not declining at a rate to qualify for a threatened category. In Indonesia ,it is threatened by habitat loss from logging and mining and hunting. In New Guinea ,it is threatened by logging and hunting. In Australia , it is threatened by habitat conversion to agriculture, pastureland, and urban area. Additional threats include electrocution on powerlines, entanglement on barbed wire or powerlines, persecution by humans, disturbance of maternity colonies, and infestation with paralysis ticks. Paralysis ticks cause mortality, especially of young, and are likely the consequence of habitat modifications pushing Spectacled Flying Foxes to forage in lowerforest strata. They face increased persecution due to public concerns about diseases, smell, and noise associated with large colonies, particularly when they move into new areas. Subsidies for installing netting to protect crops in New South Wales , Australia , and reduction of number oflicenses to shoot flying foxes have been initiated to reduce potential for mortality. Extreme heat events have caused mass mortalities in Australia . Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Bonaccorso (1998), Churchill (2008), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Fox (2006), Fox et al. (2008), Helgen, Salas & Bonaccorso (2008), Parsons, J.G. et al. (2010), Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management (2010), Ratcliffe (1932), Richards (1990a, 1990b), Simmons (2005), Westcott et al. (2001).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus conspicillatus	Pteropus		conspicillatus	Gould	1850	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	17 (1849): 109	Spectacled Flying Fox	<b> chrysauchen </b>Peters, 1862; mysolensis Gray, 1871.	Australia, Queensland, Fitzroy Isl.	N Moluccas (Indonesia); New Guinea and West Papuan Isls (Raja Ampat Isl, off NW coast of New Guinea); NE Queensland (Australia).	Appendix II	Endangered	 griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of possible hybridization with alecto. Also seeFlannery (1995a, b), Bonaccorso (1998), and Bergmans (2001).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus conspicillatus	23	Spectacled Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	conspicillatus	Gould	1850	0	Pteropus_conspicillatus	Gould, J. (1850). On new species of mammals and birds from Australia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1850 [for 1849], 109.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96165#page/163/mode/1up	BM 1850.7.20.56/1850.9.6.16 [lectotype]		"Fitzroy Island," Queensland, Australia.			conspicillatus Gould, 1850|chrysauchen W. Peters, 1862|mysolensis J. E. Gray, 1870	NA	NA	Indonesia|Papua New Guinea|Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	EN	0	0	0	Pteropus_conspicillatus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_conspicillatus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18721	Pteropus conspicillatus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	conspicillatus	Gould, 1850		20000000	Pteropus conspicillatus	Endangered	A2abcde+3bcde+4abcde	2020	2019-08-27 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Pteropus conspicillatus is listed as Endangered under criterion A (EN A2abcde+3bcde+4abcde) because of a population decline of greater than 70% over three generations (21-24 years; generation length (GL) = 7-8 years, Woinarski et al. 2014). The decline is observed from monitoring in Australia and inferred from the impacts of exploitation, deforestation and habitat degradation in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Indonesia. Generation length in the wild population has been estimated as 7-8 years (Woinarski et al. 2014). In Australia, monthly population estimates from May 2004 to May 2019 (&lt;3 generations) show a strong and consistent decline in the order of 75% (Westcott et al. 2018). In PNG and Indonesia, where population-wide estimates have not been made, the species is understood to be seriously impacted by hunting and increasing rates of deforestation and degradation of lowland forest from logging and conversion to oil palm plantations (Hansen et al. 2013, Stibig et al. 2014, S. Hamilton, T. Leary and B. Roberts pers. comm.).	Most of the detailed information on roosting and feeding habitat is based on studies from the Wet Tropics region of Australia. Further research is required in the northern areas of the range extending into PNG and Indonesia. Pteropus conspicillatus is found in a range of habitats including Melaleuca swamp forest, wet and dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands, mangrove, tropical savannah and tropical moist forests (Duncan et al. 1999). It has been recorded in primary and disturbed native vegetation, and in agricultural and urban areas. The species roosts in colonies ranging in size from hundreds to thousands of individuals (Bonaccorso 1998, DERM 2010, T. Leary pers. comm.). Roost sizes in Australia are typically larger than in PNG and Indonesia. Recent telemetry studies in the Wet Tropics have shown a low level of solitary roosting (Westcott and McKeown 2014). There is evidence that the proportion of animals in urban roost sites is increasing (Tait et al. 2014), although the overall population is in decline. P. conspicillatus usually forms single-species colonies, although it occasionally co-roosts with P. scapulatus and small numbers of P. hypomelanus and P. alecto at a limited number of sites (Bonaccorso 1998, Parsons et al. 2010). In both Australia and PNG roosts can have a long history, &gt;80 years for some e.g., Tolga and &gt;20 years for many others (e.g., Gordonvale in Australia and Lae and Madang in PNG). This species disperses widely and will occupy new, often temporary, roost sites, particularly following cyclones (Shilton et al. 2008). The diet is comprised primarily of floral and fruit resources obtained in a broad variety of habitats, with nectar and pollen from myrtaceous plants and fruit from Moraceae (e.g., Ficus ) being the dominant taxa (Parsons et al. 2006, DERM 2010). Reproduction is seasonal and synchronous throughout the Australian range (Shilton et al. 2008). Females give birth to a single young between October and December and mating occurs between March and May (Martin et al. 1996, Hall and Richards 2000, Shilton et al. 2008). The timing of reproduction outside of Australia has not been systematically examined, but is believed to be similar (Flannery 1995a,b). Although some births have been observed during July and early August in Madang, PNG (Bonaccorso 1998). Results from population monitoring, genetic and telemetry studies in the Wet Tropics indicate frequent movement by individuals between roosts both daily and seasonally (Westcott et al. 2001, Parsons 2005, Fox 2006, Shilton et al. 2008, Westcott et al. 2015). Telemetry studies suggest that individual P. conspicillatus likely range over much of the Wet Tropics during their life time and individuals are known to fly up to 50 km from their roost in a single night to feed, with longer distance movements between roosts recorded over one and several nights (Westcott et al. 2015). Movements between PNG and Australia have not been shown, but could possibly occur.	A range of threats have been identified for P. conspicillatus . Key threats (also see table below) include habitat loss, exploitation, harassment at roosts, electrocution, shooting in orchards, and tick paralysis (Westcott et al. 2001, DERM 2010, Dennis 2012, Woinarski et al. 2014). Decline of P. conspicillatus in Australia has been associated with habitat loss, and persecution such as electrocution and shooting at orchards (Garnett et al. 1999, DERM 2010). The impact of lethal crop protection is believed to have decreased in recent years with prohibition of high voltage electricity grids and with the wide-spread adoption of canopy netting on orchards. However, permits to shoot flying-foxes for commercial crop protection were re-instated by the Queensland government in 2012 after a four-year ban. Rates of clearing of rainforest in the coastal and upland areas in the majority of the Wet Tropics Bioregion have been reduced and are no longer significant (Queensland Herbarium 2014, D. Westcott pers. comm.). However, there has been an intensification of agriculture on the dry western margins of the range and an increase in clearing of sclerophyll vegetation types important for the species in these areas (Queensland Herbarium 2014, D. Westcott pers. comm). Habitat loss for human development impacts coastal areas and plateaus. Recent escalation in rates of transition of sclerophyll vegetation types to closed rainforest has been documented and attributed to changed fire management regimes (Stanton et al. 2014). Conflict between humans and P. conspicillatus in built up areas appears to be growing as the proportion of the population using roosts in urban areas increases (Tait et al. 2014). Methods for ameliorating conflict typically include modification or removal of roosting vegetation and the use of noise and other disturbances to disperse animals away from human occupied areas. The long-term impact of dispersals on P. conspicillatus is unknown. However, conflict at roosts hinders conservation measures. More recently, tick paralysis has been identified as an increasing threat to the species (Fox et al. 2008, Fox 2011, Buettner et al. 2013). Buettner et al. (2013) found that mortality varied between years, with more adult females affected than males. Pteropus conspicillatus are also threatened by mortality from entanglement in backyard drape netting, collision and entanglement in barbed-wire fences, electrocution on power lines, cleft palate and other birth deformities (Richards et al. 2008, Shilton et al. 2008, DERM 2010, J. Maclean pers. comm.). The impact of climate change is unclear but is likely to increase the severity of cyclones and other extreme weather (i.e., heat events) that can kill large numbers and impact the feeding and roosting habitat of the species (DERM 2010). The recent invasion of myrtle rust and tramp ants (electric and yellow crazy ants) into the Wet Tropics region is also a concern for the future status of Wet Tropics species (Metcalfe et al. 2014). In PNG and Indonesia, the range of P. conspicillatus is typically confined to coastal lowlands and islands. These areas are most densely populated by people and subject to the most rapid land use change as documented by remote sensing (Hansen et al. 2013, Stibig et al. 2014). Increasing rates of habitat loss or modification through residential expansion and the clearing of large tracts of forests for expanding oil palm production continue to be a major threat to the species (T. Leary pers. comm.). Logging operations are also expanding in the range of P. conspicillatus , particularly in the West Papua province of Indonesia and the Madang and Morobe provinces of PNG (Stibig et al. 2014). Hunting is another significant threat as flying-foxes are an important food source for many communities and sold as food at local markets (Mack and West 2005, S. Hamilton and T. Leary pers. comm., B. Roberts pers. obs). In both Madang and Lae, P. conspicillatus are hunted and disturbed on an almost daily basis (T. Leary pers. comm, B. Roberts pers. obs.).  The impacts of these threats combined with the species’s low reproductive output (Fox et al. 2008) and the population’s low estimated average exponential rate of increase (Westcott et al. 2018) highlight the likelihood of continual decline into the projected future.	Two subspecies are recognised: Pteropus conspicillatus conspicillatus (Australia and northern and eastern PNG) and P. c. chrysauchen (Irian and Moluccan populations, Indonesia) (Flannery 1995b, Bonaccorso 1998). Population size in Australia in November 2004 was estimated at approximately 250,000 and declined to 75,000 in 2016 (Westcott et al. 2018). Additional monitoring in November 2018 showed further declines and a population estimate of 44,000. There has been no systematic monitoring of P. conspicillatus in PNG and Indonesia, and little is known about total population size in this region. In PNG, the largest known roosts of P. conspicillatus are in the built-up areas of Madang and Lae. The numbers of animals at these two sites have been relatively stable over the last few decades, with a combined population of &lt;10,000 and roost estimates of 5,000-7,000 at Madang and 2,000-7,000 in Lae (Bonaccorso 1998, S. Hamilton and T. Leary pers. comm, B. Roberts pers. obs). Roosts in other locations are small, ranging from a few hundred to several hundred animals (S. Hamilton and T. Leary pers. comm.). Anecdotal information indicates that the species is likely under a high degree of pressure from hunting and habitat modification (S. Hamilton and T. Leary pers. comm, B. Roberts pers. obs).	Decreasing	This species has been recorded from the Moluccan Archipelago of Indonesia (including the islands of Halmahera, Bacan, Obi, Misool, and Gebe), it is present on Salawati Island (Indonesia), Waigeo Island, Biak and Yapen islands (Indonesia), coastal areas of the island of New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Indonesia and PNG), the D’Entrecasteaux Islands (PNG), and the Louisade Archipelago (PNG). In Australia it ranges patchily from Cape York (Iron and McIllwraith Ranges), to the Wet Tropics Bioregion and through to coastal central Queensland between Mackay and Rockhampton (Flannery 1995a,b; Bonaccorso 1998; Wiantoro 2011), with the main Australian population in the Wet Tropics (Shilton et al. 2008, Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management (DERM) 2010). Records in PNG and Indonesia are from coastal lowland habitats (&lt;200 m) except for one feeding observation at 1,000 m asl (Flannery 1995b, Bonaccorso 1998, Wiantoro 2011). In Australia it roosts and feeds at low to mid altitudes (generally &lt;750 m) and has been found feeding as high as 1,100 m (D. Westcott and A. McKeown pers. comm.). Approximately 64 roost sites have been identified in the Wet Tropics of Australia, but on average only 10 are occupied in any month of the year (Tait et al. 2014, Westcott et al. 2018). In the Iron and McIllwrath Ranges of Northern Australia very small numbers (&lt;1000) have been recorded irregularly, with no identified permanent roosts (Fox 2011, D. Westcott and S. Fox pers. comm.). In the Torres Strait there is one report of a juvenile P. conspicillatus skull from Nepean Island (Anderson 1912), however recent reviews of the literature and surveys have failed to confirm any additional records of this species through the area (Lavery et al. 2012). In Indonesia and PNG less is known about the distribution and occurrence of species, but the species appears to roost in small numbers in coastal lowlands (Bonaccorso 1998, Wiantoro 2011). A continuously occupied roost of several thousand P. conspicillatus occurs in the township of Madang PNG (B. Roberts pers. obs).	Traditional hunting for food is rare in Australia, but common in PNG and Indonesia. ;In Lae (PNG) markets a single animal cost approximately $5 AUS in 2014.	Terrestrial	A range of threats have been identified for P. conspicillatus . Key threats include habitat loss, exploitation, harassment at roosts, electrocution, shooting in orchards, and tick paralysis (Westcott et al. 2001, DERM 2010, Dennis 2012, Woinarski et al. 2014). Decline of P. conspicillatus in Australia has been associated with habitat loss, and persecution such as electrocution and shooting at orchards (Garnett et al. 1999, DERM 2010). The impact of lethal crop protection is believed to have decreased in recent years with prohibition of high voltage electricity grids and with the wide-spread adoption of canopy netting on orchards. However, permits to shoot flying-foxes for commercial crop protection were re-instated by the Queensland government in 2012 after a four-year ban. Rates of clearing of rainforest in the coastal and upland areas in the majority of the Wet Tropics Bioregion have been reduced and are no longer significant (Queensland Herbarium 2014, D. Westcott pers. comm.). However, there has been an intensification of agriculture on the dry western margins of the range and an increase in clearing of sclerophyll vegetation types important for the species in these areas (Queensland Herbarium 2014, D. Westcott pers. comm). Habitat loss for human development impacts coastal areas and plateaus. Recent escalation in rates of transition of sclerophyll vegetation types to closed rainforest has been documented and attributed to changed fire management regimes (Stanton et al. 2014). Conflict between humans and P. conspicillatus in built up areas appears to be growing as the proportion of the population using roosts in urban areas increases (Tait et al. 2014). Methods for ameliorating conflict typically include modification or removal of roosting vegetation and the use of noise and other disturbances to disperse animals away from human occupied areas. The long-term impact of dispersals on P. conspicillatus is unknown. However, conflict at roosts hinders conservation measures. More recently, tick paralysis has been identified as an increasing threat to the species (Fox et al. 2008, Fox 2011, Buettner et al. 2013). Buettner et al. (2013) found that mortality varied between years, with more adult females affected than males. Pteropus conspicillatus are also threatened by mortality from entanglement in backyard drape netting, collision and entanglement in barbed-wire fences, electrocution on power lines, cleft palate and other birth deformities (Richards et al. 2008, Shilton et al. 2008, DERM 2010, J. Maclean pers. comm.). The impact of climate change is unclear but is likely to increase the severity of cyclones and other extreme weather (i.e., heat events) that can kill large numbers and impact the feeding and roosting habitat of the species (DERM 2010). The recent invasion of myrtle rust and tramp ants (electric and yellow crazy ants) into the Wet Tropics region is also a concern for the future status of Wet Tropics species (Metcalfe et al. 2014). In PNG and Indonesia, the range of P. conspicillatus is typically confined to coastal lowlands and islands. These areas are most densely populated by people and subject to the most rapid land use change as documented by remote sensing (Hansen et al. 2013, Stibig et al. 2014). Increasing rates of habitat loss or modification through residential expansion and the clearing of large tracts of forests for expanding oil palm production continue to be a major threat to the species (T. Leary pers. comm.). Logging operations are also expanding in the range of P. conspicillatus , particularly in the West Papua province of Indonesia and the Madang and Morobe provinces of PNG (Stibig et al. 2014). Hunting is another significant threat as flying-foxes are an important food source for many communities and sold as food at local markets (Mack and West 2005, S. Hamilton and T. Leary pers. comm., B. Roberts pers. obs). In both Madang and Lae, P. conspicillatus are hunted and disturbed on an almost daily basis (T. Leary pers. comm, B. Roberts pers. obs.). The impacts of these threats combined with the species’s low reproductive output (Fox et al. 2008) and the population’s low estimated average exponential rate of increase (Westcott et al. 2018) highlight the likelihood of continual decline into the projected future.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		conspicillatus	Gould	1850	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	17 (1849): 109	Spectacled Flying Fox	<b> chrysauchen </b>Peters, 1862; mysolensis Gray, 1871.	Australia, Queensland, Fitzroy Isl.	N Moluccas (Indonesia); New Guinea and West Papuan Isls (Raja Ampat Isl, off NW coast of New Guinea); NE Queensland (Australia).	Appendix II	Endangered	 griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of possible hybridization with alecto. Also seeFlannery (1995a, b), Bonaccorso (1998), and Bergmans (2001).	Pteropus conspicillatus	1004459	23	Spectacled Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	conspicillatus	Gould	1850	0	Pteropus_conspicillatus	Gould, J. (1850). On new species of mammals and birds from Australia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1850 [for 1849], 109.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96165#page/163/mode/1up	BM 1850.7.20.56/1850.9.6.16 [lectotype]		"Fitzroy Island," Queensland, Australia.			conspicillatus Gould, 1850|chrysauchen W. Peters, 1862|mysolensis J. E. Gray, 1870	NA	NA				Indonesia|Papua New Guinea|Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	EN	0	0	0	Pteropus_conspicillatus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_conspicillatus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_conspicillatus	1004459	23	Spectacled Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	conspicillatus	J. Gould	0	Pteropus conspicillatus	Gould, J. 1850-06. On new species of Mammalia and birds from Australia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1849:109-112.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30572540	BMNH:Mamm:1850.7.20.56, BMNH:Mamm:1850.9.6.16	lectotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/61eae57d-d881-4b4f-b0a1-2c0474aee46b | https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/93aa741e-a4c6-453f-84b0-87da994d30b0	"Fitzroy Island," Queensland, Australia.			NA	NA				Indonesia|Papua New Guinea|Australia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	EN	0	0	0	Pteropus_conspicillatus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_conspicillatus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		conspicillatus	Gould	1850	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	17 (1849): 109	Spectacled Flying Fox	chrysauchen Peters, 1862; mysolensis Gray, 1871.	Australia, Queensland, Fitzroy Isl.	N Moluccas (Indonesia); New Guinea and West Papuan Isls (Raja Ampat Isl, off NW coast of New Guinea); NE Queensland (Australia).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18721/22080456/' target='_blank'>Endangered</a>	griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of possible hybridization with alecto. Also seeFlannery (1995a, b), Bonaccorso (1998), and Bergmans (2001).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus conspicillatus; Pteropus conspicillatus; Pteropus conspicillatus; Pteropus conspicillatus; Pteropus conspicillatus; Pteropus conspicillatus; conspicillatus; chrysauchen; chrysauchen - mysolensis; conspicillatus; chrysauchen; chrysauchen; chrysauchen - mysolensis; conspicillatus; chrysauchen; mysolensis; Roussette a lunettes; Brillenflughund; Zorro volador de anteojos; Spectacled Flying Fox; Spectacled Flying Fox; Spectacled Flying Fox; P. conspicillatus