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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1266 application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet Pteropus cognatus Pteropus rayneri [synonym of] Pteropus rayneri [synonym of] Pteropus rayneri [synonym of] Pteropus rayneri cognatus Pteropus cognatus Pteropus cognatus Pteropus cognatus Pteropus cognatus Pteropus cognatus Pteropus cognatus Pteropus cognatus Pteropus cognatus Pteropus cognatus Pteropus cognatus [MSW3] chrysoproctus species group. Often considered a subspecies of rayneri (e.g., Hill, 1962a), but apparently distinct; see Flannery (1995b). May be conspecific with rennelli (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).; [HMW] Pteropus cognatus K. Andersen, 1908 , “San Christoval [= San Cristobal Island ], S.E. Solomon Islands .” Pteropus cognatus is often considered a subspecies of P. raynen. It is related to P. rayneri and P. rennelli of the samoensis species group but clearly distinct. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] samoensis species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Often considered a subspecies of rayneri (e.g., Hill, 1962a), but apparently distinct; seeFlannery (1995b). May be conspecific with rennelli (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).; [IUCN] The taxonomy of Pteropus cognatus in relation to P. rayneri and P. rennelli is in need of review.; [batnames2023] samoensis species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Often considered a subspecies of rayneri (e.g., Hill, 1962a), but apparently distinct; seeFlannery (1995b). May be conspecific with rennelli (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).; [batnames2025_1.7] samoensisspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Often considered a subspecies of rayneri (e.g., Hill, 1962a), but apparently distinct; seeFlannery (1995b). May be conspecific with rennelli (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). cognatus The taxonomy of Pteropus cognatus in relation to P. rayneri and P. rennelli is in need of review. cognatus cognatus cognatus Andersen, 1908 Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp. Solomons N/A NA Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu). CHIROPTERA Pteropodidae Pteropus cognatus Pteropus cognatus K. Andersen 1908 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8 2 365 Makira Flying Fox Solomon Isl, Makira ("San Cristoval" = San Cristobal Isl). Makira and Uki Ni Masi Isls (Solomon Isls). CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution as P. rayneri cognatus. IUCN 2003 – Not listed. chrysoproctus species group. Often considered a subspecies of rayneri (e.g., Hill, 1962a), but apparently distinct; see Flannery (1995b). May be conspecific with rennelli (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). 03AD87FAFF93F67D896A308DF875FAA3 Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions 978-84-16728-19-0 hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b 152 zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF9AF67489B63F12F5EAFB5B.xml Pteropus cognatus Pteropodidae Pteropus cognatus K. Andersen 1908 Roussette de Makira @fr | Makira-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Makira @es | Dusky Flying Fox @en Pteropus cognatus K. Andersen, 1908 , “San Christoval [= San Cristobal Island ], S.E. Solomon Islands .” Pteropus cognatus is often considered a subspecies of P. raynen. It is related to P. rayneri and P. rennelli of the samoensis species group but clearly distinct. Monotypic. E Solomon Is on Makira (= San Cristobal ), Ugi, and Santa Ana. Head-body 166- 180 mm (tailless), ear 21-23 mm , hindfoot 30-35 mm , forearm 121-129 mm ; weight 288 g (mean). Muzzle is short and broad; rhinarium is black. Eyes have light brown irises. Ears are exposed and narrowly rounded at tips. Head is brown, sometimes interspersed with gray hairs, and crown and sides of head are similar to back. Mantle is cinnamon, tinged with russet, and neck glands have buff-yellow hairs. Hairs of back are adpressed. Back and rump hairs are bicolored, with seal-brown bases and buffy brown tips, and dark brown overall. Tibia is furred above. Ventrum changes from buffy russet on neck to seal-brown along chest and belly. Wing membranes are dark grayish brown and originate slightly above medial plane. Skull differs from typical pteropine in its short and broad rostrum, front of orbitis vertically above posterior one-half of P*, and zygomatic arches are relatively strong. Mandible is heavy posteriorly. M, is reduced in size, and cingulum of C' and C, is strong, forming broad ledges. Lowland forests and gardens at sea level into montane forest at elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Makira Flying Fox is common in village gardens and feeds on Artocarpus altilis ( Moraceae ). One Makira Flying Fox captured near sea level in November was nursing a 90-g young, and another female captured in July was nulliparous. Makira Flying Foxes are nocturnal. The Makira Flying Fox roosts alone. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of the Makira Flying Fox is ¢. 6000 km ?, and there is continuing decline in quality of its habitat due to widespread commercial logging on Makira . It is regularly hunted for food, and a majority of Makira residents believe it is declining. Almeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Flannery (1995a) | Lavery (2017) | Lavery & Fasi (2017) 170. Makira Flying Fox Pteropus cognatus French: Roussette de Makira / German: Makira-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Makira Other common names: Dusky Flying Fox Taxonomy. Pteropus cognatus K. Andersen, 1908 , “San Christoval [= San Cristobal Island ], S.E. Solomon Islands .” Pteropus cognatus is often considered a subspecies of P. raynen. It is related to P. rayneri and P. rennelli of the samoensis species group but clearly distinct. Monotypic. Distribution. E Solomon Is on Makira (= San Cristobal ), Ugi, and Santa Ana. Descriptive notes. Head-body 166- 180 mm (tailless), ear 21-23 mm , hindfoot 30-35 mm , forearm 121-129 mm ; weight 288 g (mean). Muzzle is short and broad; rhinarium is black. Eyes have light brown irises. Ears are exposed and narrowly rounded at tips. Head is brown, sometimes interspersed with gray hairs, and crown and sides of head are similar to back. Mantle is cinnamon, tinged with russet, and neck glands have buff-yellow hairs. Hairs of back are adpressed. Back and rump hairs are bicolored, with seal-brown bases and buffy brown tips, and dark brown overall. Tibia is furred above. Ventrum changes from buffy russet on neck to seal-brown along chest and belly. Wing membranes are dark grayish brown and originate slightly above medial plane. Skull differs from typical pteropine in its short and broad rostrum, front of orbitis vertically above posterior one-half of P*, and zygomatic arches are relatively strong. Mandible is heavy posteriorly. M, is reduced in size, and cingulum of C' and C, is strong, forming broad ledges. Habitat. Lowland forests and gardens at sea level into montane forest at elevations of ¢. 900 m . Food and Feeding. The Makira Flying Fox is common in village gardens and feeds on Artocarpus altilis ( Moraceae ). Breeding. One Makira Flying Fox captured near sea level in November was nursing a 90-g young, and another female captured in July was nulliparous. Activity patterns. Makira Flying Foxes are nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Makira Flying Fox roosts alone. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of the Makira Flying Fox is ¢. 6000 km ?, and there is continuing decline in quality of its habitat due to widespread commercial logging on Makira . It is regularly hunted for food, and a majority of Makira residents believe it is declining. Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Flannery (1995a), Lavery (2017), Lavery & Fasi (2017). Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022. Pteropodidae Pteropus cognatus Pteropus cognatus K. Andersen 1908 0 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, 2: 365 Makira Flying Fox None. Solomon Isl, Makira ("San Cristoval" = San Cristobal Isl). Makira and Uki Ni Masi Isls (Solomon Isls). Appendix II Vulnerable samoensis species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Often considered a subspecies of rayneri (e.g., Hill, 1962a), but apparently distinct; seeFlannery (1995b). May be conspecific with rennelli (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023 Pteropus cognatus 23 Makira Flying Fox Dusky Flying Fox Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria CHIROPTERA PTEROPODIFORMES NA NA PTEROPODOIDEA PTEROPODIDAE PTEROPODINAE PTEROPODINI Pteropus NA cognatus K. Andersen 1908 0 "San Christoval [= San Cristobal Island], S.E. Solomon Islands." cognatus K. Andersen, 1908 NA NA Solomon Islands Oceania Australasia/Oceania VU 0 0 0 Pteropus_cognatus 0 sciname match Pteropus_cognatus 0 IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. 136397 Pteropus cognatus ANIMALIA CHORDATA MAMMALIA CHIROPTERA PTEROPODIDAE Pteropus cognatus Andersen, 1908 The taxonomy of Pteropus cognatus in relation to P. rayneri and P. rennelli is in need of review. 20000000 Pteropus cognatus Vulnerable B1ab(iii,v) 2017 2016-06-13 00:00:00 UTC 3.1 English Makira Flying Fox is listed as Vulnerable because the population is severely fragmented, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is approximately 6,000 km², and there is continuing decline in its EOO, the quality of its habitat, and number of mature individuals, due to logging and land conversion for agriculture. Pteropus cognatus is hunted and recent questionnaire surveys of Makira residents (2016) have indicated the majority of people believe the species is in decline. There is little information on the natural history of this species. It is believed to be solitary (Flannery 1995). A nursing mother was found by day hanging in a banana tree by a river. This species is often seen congregating in small numbers (approximately 3-6 individuals) on fruiting trees close to villages, in these conditions, the species is more vulnerable to hunting (R. James pers. comm). This species is hunted for food, and this may be a threat. The species is also hunted for its teeth, which are used in necklaces. Subsistence agriculture and land conversion for cocoa and teak plantations and rice farms could significantly impact this species, due to its highly restricted distribution. Large-scale logging on Makira is potentially a major threat. Only a few specimens of this species have been collected, the last being from NgoraNgora in December 2012, and a trophy jaw from Hauta in December 2015. It can be observed around village gardens and animals are commonly hunted by local people with slings as the bats feed on garden fruit trees (R. James pers. comm., T. Lavery pers. comm). No data are available on population sizes or trends. Pteropus cognatus is regularly hunted for food and recent questionnaire surveys of Makira residents (2016) indicated that residents from four of five cultural regions of the island believe the species is in significant decline. Decreasing This poorly-known species is endemic to the Solomon Islands. It has been recorded from the islands of Makira (San Cristobal) and Uki Ni Masi (Flannery 1995). The species was recorded in the early 1990s from OluMalau (Three Sisters) Island, but these are likely to be vagrants. The total area of the two islands is just over 3,200 km². It has been found at sea level and at 350 m asl. This species, along with P. tonganus , is harvested for food and for its teeth (to make kastom necklaces). Necklaces consist of shell disks separating clusters of four flying-fox canine teeth (P. tonganus and P. cognatus ), and contain approximately 30 clusters. However, results from a questionnaire survey of 200 Makira residents suggested teeth used for kastom necklaces were made almost exclusively from P. tonganus with a limited number of respondents indicating they also used P. cognatus teeth. Several respondents in the central Bauro region also reported selling caught flying-foxes as food. Terrestrial This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. There was a community based conservation program to control hunting in the central Bauro area, but this is no longer active. Further research is needed into population size, ecology, harvest levels, and threats to this species. Australasian FALSE FALSE Global Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 Pteropodidae Pteropus cognatus K. Andersen 1908 0 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, 2: 365 Makira Flying Fox None. Solomon Isl, Makira ("San Cristoval" = San Cristobal Isl). Makira and Uki Ni Masi Isls (Solomon Isls). Appendix II Vulnerable samoensis species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Often considered a subspecies of rayneri (e.g., Hill, 1962a), but apparently distinct; seeFlannery (1995b). May be conspecific with rennelli (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). Pteropus cognatus 1004458 23 Makira Flying Fox Dusky Flying Fox Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria CHIROPTERA PTEROPODIFORMES NA NA PTEROPODOIDEA Pteropodidae PTEROPODINAE PTEROPODINI Pteropus NA cognatus K. Andersen 1908 0 "San Christoval [= San Cristobal Island], S.E. Solomon Islands." cognatus K. Andersen, 1908 NA NA Solomon Islands Oceania Australasia/Oceania VU 0 0 0 Pteropus_cognatus 0 sciname match Pteropus_cognatus 0 Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393 Pteropus_cognatus 1004458 23 Makira Flying Fox Dusky Flying Fox Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Chiroptera Yinpterochiroptera NA NA Pteropodoidea Pteropodidae Pteropodinae Pteropodini Pteropus NA cognatus Andersen 0 Pteropus cognatus Andersen, K.C. 1908-10-01. Twenty new forms of _Pteropus_. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)2(10):361-370. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22071134 BMNH:Mamm:1855.11.7.9 holotype https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/53cf6450-1707-4b2c-830d-cd571593aebf "San Christoval [= San Cristobal Island], S.E. Solomon Islands." NA NA Solomon Islands Oceania (Continent) Australasia VU 0 0 0 Pteropus_cognatus 0 sciname match Pteropus_cognatus 0 Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586 Pteropodidae Pteropus cognatus K. Andersen 1908 0 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, 2: 365 Makira Flying Fox None. Solomon Isl, Makira ("San Cristoval" = San Cristobal Isl). Makira and Uki Ni Masi Isls (Solomon Isls). Appendix II Vulnerable samoensisspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Often considered a subspecies of rayneri (e.g., Hill, 1962a), but apparently distinct; seeFlannery (1995b). May be conspecific with rennelli (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505 NA Pteropus cognatus; Pteropus cognatus; Pteropus cognatus; Pteropus cognatus; Pteropus cognatus; Pteropus cognatus; cognatus; Roussette de Makira; Makira-Flughund; Zorro volador de Makira; Dusky Flying Fox; Makira Flying Fox; Dusky Flying Fox; Makira Flying Fox; Makira Flying Fox; P. cognatus