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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1263	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Pteropus temmincki capistratus	Pteropus capistratus	Pteropus capistratus	Pteropus capistratus	Pteropus capistratus	Pteropus capistratus	Pteropus capistratus	Pteropus capistratus	Pteropus capistratus	Pteropus capistratus	Pteropus capistratus		[MSW3] personatus species group. Formerly regarded as a subspecies of temmincki, but apparently distinct; see Flannery (1995b). See also Flannery and White (1991) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [HMW] Pleropus capistratus Peters, 1876 , “Neu-Irland [= New Ireland ],” Papua New Guinea . Doubt has been cast on the validity of Peters’s type locality. After examining existing museum specimens collected about the time capistratus was named, T. F. Flannery and J. P. White in 1991 eould not decide if the type locality was New Ireland or New Britain , so Peter’s “Neu-Irland” stands until additional clarification is possible. Pteropus capistratus was long considered a subspecies of P. temminckii , but it is clearly distinct. It formerly included two subspecies, nominate and ennisae , the latter is considered a valid species based on morphological and genetic differences. Pteropus capistratus is in the capistratus species group with P. ennisae . Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  capistraus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include ennisae; see Almeida et al. 2014. Formerly regarded as a subspecies of temmincki, but apparently distinct; see Flannery (1995b). See also Flannery and White (1991) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [MDD2022] previously included P. ennisae; [IUCN] This is a new taxonomic concept for P. capistratus . Previously the taxon also included P. ennisae from New Ireland Island now considered a distinct species following Alemeida et al. (2014).; [batnames2023]  capistraus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include ennisae; see Almeida et al. 2014. Formerly regarded as a subspecies of temmincki, but apparently distinct; see Flannery (1995b). See also Flannery and White (1991) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [MDD2023] previously included P. ennisae; [MDD2025_2.0] previously included P. ennisae; [batnames2025_1.7] capistrausspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include ennisae; see Almeida et al. 2014. Formerly regarded as a subspecies of temmincki, but apparently distinct; see Flannery (1995b). See also Flannery and White (1991) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included P. ennisae								capistratus, ennisae						capistratus	This is a new taxonomic concept for P. capistratus . Previously the taxon also included P. ennisae from New Ireland Island now considered a distinct species following Alemeida et al. (2014).			capistratus 	capistratus 			capistratus W. C. H. Peters, 1876						N/A																																								NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus capistratus	Pteropus		capistratus	Peters		1876		Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1876		316		Bismark Masked Flying Fox	Papua New Guinea. The type locality was initially given as New Ireland Isl., but this is clearly incorrect (see Flannery and White, 1991). The type locality is probably the Duke of York group or New Britain Isl.	Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea).	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data as P. temmincki capistratus. IUCN 2003 – Not listed.	ennisae Flannery and White, 1991.	personatus species group. Formerly regarded as a subspecies of temmincki, but apparently distinct; see Flannery (1995b). See also Flannery and White (1991) and Bonaccorso (1998).	03AD87FAFFACF64289B1368BF8B4FDD7	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	149	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF9FF67189693515FD7FF5B3.xml	Pteropus capistratus	Pteropodidae	Pleropus	capistratus	Peters	1876	Roussette bridée @fr | Neubritannien-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Nueva Bretana @es | Bismarck Flying Fox @en | Bismarck Masked Flying Fox @en	Pleropus capistratus Peters, 1876 , “Neu-Irland [= New Ireland ],” Papua New Guinea . Doubt has been cast on the validity of Peters’s type locality. After examining existing museum specimens collected about the time capistratus was named, T. F. Flannery and J. P. White in 1991 eould not decide if the type locality was New Ireland or New Britain , so Peter’s “Neu-Irland” stands until additional clarification is possible. Pteropus capistratus was long considered a subspecies of P. temminckii , but it is clearly distinct. It formerly included two subspecies, nominate and ennisae , the latter is considered a valid species based on morphological and genetic differences. Pteropus capistratus is in the capistratus species group with P. ennisae . Monotypic.	Bismarck Archipelago (Duke ofYork, Mioko, New Britain , Sakar, and Umboi Is).	Head-body 145-192 mm (tailless), ear 18-26 mm , hindfoot 31- 45 mm , forearm 102-122 mm ; weight 165-290 g . The New Britain Masked Flying Fox is heavily furred, with wings depigmented in dendritic pattern. Muzzle is short and narrow, rhinarium is dark reddish brown, eyes are large, and irises are medium brown. Ears are broad and triangular, with rounded tips. Head has distinctive white facial mask, broken and framed by darker lines. Two dark bands emanate from back of muzzle and unite to form single band passing from between eyes over forehead and toward crown, and two transverse bands pass from lateral parts of muzzle beneath eye and toward temple, uniting with two lines that traverse lowerjaw and angle up toward temple. Mantle hairs are bicolored, with dark brown bases and yellow or reddish tips. Dorsal hairs are also bicolored, with gray white bases and hoary brown tips. Males have bristly hairs surrounding shoulder glands. Venteris light brown, and ventral surface oftibia is unfurred. Wing membranes are light brown and strikingly marked with dark brown veins. Membranes attach to sides of body. Skull is delicately built, with basicranial deflection pronounced, short and thin rostrum, large orbits, long postorbital process, postorbital constriction, and sagittal and nuchal crests not marked. Dentition is relatively weak, with posterior basal ledges of premolars present but short.	Secondary forests and hill forests up to elevations of ¢. 1200 m .	Two New Britain Masked Flying Foxes were observed feeding on introduced Muntingia calabura ( Muntingiaceae ) at ¢.02:00 h on New Britain Island.	A female New Britain Masked Flying Fox captured in July on New Britain was post-lactating; a second captured in August was carrying a young that was deposited on a tree when disturbed. Estrogenic lactation, probably dysfunctional, has been reported in males.	New Britain Masked Flying Foxes are nocturnal and roostin foliage of mid-stories. One individual was encountered roosting under leaves of a Heliconia ( Heliconiaceae ) on New Britain .	New Britain Masked Flying Foxes seem to roost alone, in pairs, or in small family groups. They emit birdlike trills that might serve as a mother—infant, or within-family, contact call.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The 2010 assessment included former subspecies ( capistratus and ennisae ) and thus needs revision. The New Britain Masked Flying Fox appears to be uncommon. Widespread habitat loss is a threat, but some degree of tolerance toward habitat disturbance has been noted.	Andersen (1912b) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Flannery (1995a) | Flannery & White (1991) | Hamilton et al. (2010) | Racey, D.N. et al. (2009) | Smith & Hood (1981)		161. New Britain Masked Flying Fox Pleropus capistratus French: Roussette bridée / German: Neubritannien-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Nueva Bretana Other common names: Bismarck Flying Fox , Bismarck Masked Flying Fox Taxonomy. Pleropus capistratus Peters, 1876 , “Neu-Irland [= New Ireland ],” Papua New Guinea . Doubt has been cast on the validity of Peters’s type locality. After examining existing museum specimens collected about the time capistratus was named, T. F. Flannery and J. P. White in 1991 eould not decide if the type locality was New Ireland or New Britain , so Peter’s “Neu-Irland” stands until additional clarification is possible. Pteropus capistratus was long considered a subspecies of P. temminckii , but it is clearly distinct. It formerly included two subspecies, nominate and ennisae , the latter is considered a valid species based on morphological and genetic differences. Pteropus capistratus is in the capistratus species group with P. ennisae . Monotypic. Distribution. Bismarck Archipelago (Duke ofYork, Mioko, New Britain , Sakar, and Umboi Is). Descriptive notes. Head-body 145-192 mm (tailless), ear 18-26 mm , hindfoot 31- 45 mm , forearm 102-122 mm ; weight 165-290 g . The New Britain Masked Flying Fox is heavily furred, with wings depigmented in dendritic pattern. Muzzle is short and narrow, rhinarium is dark reddish brown, eyes are large, and irises are medium brown. Ears are broad and triangular, with rounded tips. Head has distinctive white facial mask, broken and framed by darker lines. Two dark bands emanate from back of muzzle and unite to form single band passing from between eyes over forehead and toward crown, and two transverse bands pass from lateral parts of muzzle beneath eye and toward temple, uniting with two lines that traverse lowerjaw and angle up toward temple. Mantle hairs are bicolored, with dark brown bases and yellow or reddish tips. Dorsal hairs are also bicolored, with gray white bases and hoary brown tips. Males have bristly hairs surrounding shoulder glands. Venteris light brown, and ventral surface oftibia is unfurred. Wing membranes are light brown and strikingly marked with dark brown veins. Membranes attach to sides of body. Skull is delicately built, with basicranial deflection pronounced, short and thin rostrum, large orbits, long postorbital process, postorbital constriction, and sagittal and nuchal crests not marked. Dentition is relatively weak, with posterior basal ledges of premolars present but short. Habitat. Secondary forests and hill forests up to elevations of ¢. 1200 m . Food and Feeding. Two New Britain Masked Flying Foxes were observed feeding on introduced Muntingia calabura ( Muntingiaceae ) at ¢.02:00 h on New Britain Island. Breeding. A female New Britain Masked Flying Fox captured in July on New Britain was post-lactating; a second captured in August was carrying a young that was deposited on a tree when disturbed. Estrogenic lactation, probably dysfunctional, has been reported in males. Activity patterns. New Britain Masked Flying Foxes are nocturnal and roostin foliage of mid-stories. One individual was encountered roosting under leaves of a Heliconia ( Heliconiaceae ) on New Britain . Movements, Home range and Social organization. New Britain Masked Flying Foxes seem to roost alone, in pairs, or in small family groups. They emit birdlike trills that might serve as a mother—infant, or within-family, contact call. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The 2010 assessment included former subspecies ( capistratus and ennisae ) and thus needs revision. The New Britain Masked Flying Fox appears to be uncommon. Widespread habitat loss is a threat, but some degree of tolerance toward habitat disturbance has been noted. Bibliography. Andersen (1912b), Bonaccorso (1998), Flannery (1995a), Flannery & White (1991), Hamilton et al. (2010), Racey, D.N. et al. (2009), Smith & Hood (1981).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus capistratus	Pteropus		capistratus	Peters	1876	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1881:16:00	Bismark Masked Flying Fox	None.	Papua New Guinea. The type locality was initially given as New Ireland Isl., but this is clearly incorrect (see Flannery and White, 1991). The type locality is probably the Duke of York group or New Britain Isl.	New Britain, Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea).	Appendix II	Vulnerable	 capistraus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include ennisae; see Almeida et al. 2014. Formerly regarded as a subspecies of temmincki, but apparently distinct; see Flannery (1995b). See also Flannery and White (1991) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus capistratus	23	New Britain Masked Flying Fox	Bismarck Masked Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	capistratus	W. Peters	1876	0	Pteropus_capistratus	Peters, W. C. H. (1876). Mittheilung über die Pelzrobbe von den Inseln St. Paul und Amsterdam und über die von S.M.S. Gazelle mitgebrachten Flederthiere. Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1876, 316.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109636#page/352/mode/1up	ZMB 4998, ZMB 4999 [syntypes]		"Neu-Irland [= New Ireland]," Papua New Guinea.			capistratus W. Peters, 1876	previously included P. ennisae	Almeida, F.C., Giannini, N.P., Simmons, N.B., Helgen, K.M. 2014. Each flying fox on its own branch: A phylogenetic tree for Pteropus and related genera (Chiroptera: pteropodidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 77: 83-95.	Papua New Guinea	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_capistratus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_capistratus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	80000000	Pteropus capistratus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	capistratus	Peters, 1876	This is a new taxonomic concept for P. capistratus . Previously the taxon also included P. ennisae from New Ireland Island now considered a distinct species following Alemeida et al. (2014).	20000000	Pteropus capistratus	Vulnerable	A4c	2021	2021-07-27 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is assessed as Vulnerable. Its population size is small (estimated to be 9,000 to 10,000 mature individuals), which meets the initial threshold for criterion C. However, although its population size is suspected to have been declining over the past three generations (24 years, based on Pacifici et al. 2013) at a rate likely to exceed 10% (based on habitat loss data), this does not meet the conditions for criterion C1 because stronger evidence (i.e., population data) is required to be able to estimate the rate of decline. Habitat loss due to logging and deforestation on New Britain Island over the past three generations (24 years) is estimated to be around 19.95% based on observed rates of 1.53% p/a from 1972 to 2002 and 0.625% p/a from 2002 to 2014 (Shearman et al. 2009, Shearman and Bryan 2015). The population is suspected to be declining at a similar rate to habitat loss; there is no indication that the rate of habitat loss will decline or cease, and these declines are expected to approach 40% when measured over the past and future three generation period based exceeding the 30% threshold for criterion A4c.	Animals have been recorded in lowland and hill forests, secondary forest, plantations, logged forest, and in gardens at the forest edge. It is also found in coconut plantations, roosting on the fronds of coconuts and feeding on coconut flowers. It roosts alone, in pairs or occasionally in small groups usually hidden in shaded foliage (Lavery 2019, Flannery 1995, Bonaccorso 1998, Hamilton 2004). One individual was found roosting underneath a Heliconia leaf (Smith and Hood 1981). The species regularly returns to a shaded day roost, foraging at night over a small area (&lt;1 km from roost) and visiting only a few feeding locations per evening (Hamilton 2004).  The diet is composed primarily of floral and fruit resources including Japanese Cherries (Muntingia calabura ), cluster figs (Ficus sp.) and Woolly Cedar (Trema orientalis ). Mating has been observed at feeding sites (Hamilton 2004). Presumably, females give birth to single young. Male lactation has also been reported in this species. Generation length has been estimated to be 8 years (Pacifici et al. 2013) and reaches maturity at 1–2 years of age. Smith and Hood (1981) recorded a single young in a Japanese Cherry between June and August 1979. It was unable to fly and had presumably been left there by the mother while foraging.	The species is likely threatened by extensive habitat conversion on New Britain Island from intensive logging activities and the clearing of land for oil palm plantations. Both activities are believed to have resulted in substantial loss of habitat particularly at low elevations as 46% of the forested area of New Britain Island was logged or cleared in the period 1972–2002 (Shearman et al. 2009), and a further 7.5% over the period 2002–2014 (Shearman and Bryan 2015). There is no indication that the rate of deforestation will decline or cease. The species has been observed to have some tolerance of habitat loss and disturbance, however the degree of tolerance is unknown (Lavery 2019). The species is also hunted opportunistically for food (B. Roberts pers. comm.) and persecuted as a perceived threat to subsistence gardens. The impacts of climate change, induced droughts and associated wildfires are also likely to impact the species.	This species is rarely recorded and population-wide estimates are not possible. The population is suspected to be declining due to continuing habitat loss. The species has a limited distribution occurring at very low densities throughout its range (Flannery 1995, Hamilton 2004, Lavery 2019) and likely to be 9,000 to 10,000 mature individuals.	Decreasing	This species has been recorded across New Britain Island (East and West New Britain Provinces) and the Duke of York, Mioko, Sakar and Umboi Islands in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea (Lavery 2019, Bonaccorso 1998). It has been recorded from sea level to 1,200 m asl. Records from New Ireland are now recognised as Pteropus ennisae .	This species is hunted opportunistically for food. However, hunting of the species is uncommon as it roosts singly or in pairs and is highly cryptic. It is not known to be sold in local markets of New Britain (B. Roberts pers. comm.).	Terrestrial	This species is not protected under PNG law, but is listed on Appendix II of CITES. It is unknown if the species occurs in the conservation reserves of New Britain Island- Loroko National Park (0.75 km²) or Talele Island National park (0.36 km²) both of which are relatively small. Field studies are needed to determine important roosting and foraging sites for this species. Research is needed into the species ecology, threats, and population size and trend.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		capistratus	Peters	1876	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1881:16:00	Bismark Masked Flying Fox	None.	Papua New Guinea. The type locality was initially given as New Ireland Isl., but this is clearly incorrect (see Flannery and White, 1991). The type locality is probably the Duke of York group or New Britain Isl.	New Britain, Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea).	Appendix II	Vulnerable	 capistraus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include ennisae; see Almeida et al. 2014. Formerly regarded as a subspecies of temmincki, but apparently distinct; see Flannery (1995b). See also Flannery and White (1991) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Pteropus capistratus	1004456	23	New Britain Masked Flying Fox	Bismarck Masked Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	capistratus	W. Peters	1876	0	Pteropus_capistratus	Peters, W. C. H. (1876). Mittheilung über die Pelzrobbe von den Inseln St. Paul und Amsterdam und über die von S.M.S. Gazelle mitgebrachten Flederthiere. Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1876, 316.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109636#page/352/mode/1up	ZMB 4998, ZMB 4999 [syntypes]		"Neu-Irland [= New Ireland]," Papua New Guinea.			capistratus W. Peters, 1876	previously included P. ennisae	Almeida, F.C., Giannini, N.P., Simmons, N.B., Helgen, K.M. 2014. Each flying fox on its own branch: A phylogenetic tree for Pteropus and related genera (Chiroptera: pteropodidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 77: 83-95.				Papua New Guinea	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_capistratus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_capistratus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_capistratus	1004456	23	New Britain Masked Flying Fox	Bismarck Masked Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	capistratus	W. C. H. Peters	0	Pteropus capistratus	Peters, W.C.H. 1876. Hr. W. Peters machte eine Mittheilung über die Pelzrobbe von den Inseln St. Paul und Amsterdam und über die von S. M. S. Gazelle mitgebrachten Flederthiere. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1876:315-319.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35329673	ZMB 4998, ZMB 4999	syntypes		"Neu-Irland [= New Ireland]," Papua New Guinea.			previously included P. ennisae	Almeida, F.C., Giannini, N.P., Simmons, N.B., Helgen, K.M. 2014. Each flying fox on its own branch: A phylogenetic tree for Pteropus and related genera (Chiroptera: pteropodidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 77: 83-95.				Papua New Guinea	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	VU	0	0	0	Pteropus_capistratus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_capistratus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		capistratus	Peters	1876	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1881:16:00	Bismark Masked Flying Fox	None.	Papua New Guinea. The type locality was initially given as New Ireland Isl., but this is clearly incorrect (see Flannery and White, 1991). The type locality is probably the Duke of York group or New Britain Isl.	New Britain, Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/84891540/22012219/' target='_blank'>Vulnerable</a>	capistrausspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include ennisae; see Almeida et al. 2014. Formerly regarded as a subspecies of temmincki, but apparently distinct; see Flannery (1995b). See also Flannery and White (1991) and Bonaccorso (1998).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus capistratus; Pteropus capistratus; Pteropus capistratus; Pteropus capistratus; Pteropus capistratus; Pteropus capistratus; capistratus; ennisae; capistratus; Roussette bridée; Neubritannien-Flughund; Zorro volador de Nueva Bretana; Bismarck Flying Fox; Bismarck Masked Flying Fox; New Britain Masked Flying Fox; Bismarck Masked Flying Fox; Bismark Masked Flying Fox; Bismark Masked Flying Fox; P. capistratus