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(1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1262	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus caniceps		[MSW2] Includes dobsoni; see Laurie and Hill (1954:34).; [MSW3] caniceps species group. Includes dobsoni; see Laurie and Hill (1954). Also see Flannery (1995b).; [HMW] Pteropus caniceps J. E. Gray, 1870 , “Batchian [= DBacan Islands],” Maluku Islands , Indonesia . Pteropus caniceps is in the melanopogon species group. Subspecies dobsoni from Sulawesi apparently is not valid. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] species group incertae sedis ; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes dobsoni; see Laurie and Hill (1954). Also see Flannery(1995b).; [IUCN] There’s probably some confusion identifying it in the field as it appears morphologically very similar to its sympatric congeneric, P. hypomelanus .; [batnames2023] species group incertae sedis ; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes dobsoni; see Laurie and Hill (1954). Also see Flannery(1995b).; [batnames2025_1.7] species group incertae sedis; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes dobsoni; see Laurie and Hill (1954). Also see Flannery(1995b).						affinis, batchiana, dobsoni.	dobsoni, caniceps	caniceps, dobsoni	affinis, batchiana; dobsoni - fuscus			caniceps, dobsoni	caniceps - affinis, batchiana; dobsoni - fuscus	caniceps, affinis, batchiana, fuscus, dobsoni	There’s probably some confusion identifying it in the field as it appears morphologically very similar to its sympatric congeneric, P. hypomelanus .	caniceps, dobsoni	caniceps - affinis, batchiana; dobsoni - fuscus	caniceps, affinis, batchiana, fuscus, dobsoni 	affinis, batchianus, caniceps, fuscus, dobsoni 	caniceps, dobsoni	caniceps - affinis, batchiana; dobsoni - fuscus	affinis J. E. Gray, 1871|batchianus J. E. Gray, 1871|caniceps J. E. Gray, 1871|fuscus Dobson, 1878 [preoccupied]|dobsoni Andersen, 1908 [nomen novum]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Ashy-headed flying fox	Celebes, N Moluccas, etc.	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus caniceps	Indonesia, Molucca Isis., Halmahera Isis., Batjan.	Gray	1870	Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats Br. Mus., p. 107.	Distribution: Ranging from Celebes to the Sanghirs and northern Moluccas.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Ashy-headed flying fox	Sulawesi, N Moluccas, etc.	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Gray	1870	Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus., p. 107.	Includes dobsoni; see Laurie and Hill (1954:34).	Halmahera Isis, Sulawesi, and Sula Isis (Indonesia). The Sulawesi record is dubius. A Sangihe Isl record is erroneus.	Indonesia, Molucca Isis, Halmahera Isis, Batjan.		GRAY	1870	Posterior basal ledges of large premolars distinct. Skull and dentition primitive for the genus. Tibia naked dorsally. Uropatagium poorly developed. Ear length relatively long. Dentition relatively heavy. Size similar to mariannus group (forearm length, 135-145 mm).	Distribution: Ranging from Celebes to the Sanghirs and northern Moluccas.	Two subspecies are currently recog nized:	P. c. dobsoni (Celebes), P. c. caniceps (Sanghirs, Sulas, Hal mahera group).	23	species	P. caniceps	GRAY	1870	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus caniceps				Posterior basal ledges of large premolars distinct. Skull and dentition primitive for the genus. Tibia naked dorsally. Uropatagium poorly developed. Ear length relatively long. Dentition relatively heavy. Size similar to mariannus group (forearm length, 135-145 mm).	Two subspecies are currently recog nized:		16. P. caniceps GRAY 1870 [argentatus group].	16	_P. c. caniceps_ Gray, 1871 (synonyms: _affinis_ Gray, 1871, _batchianus_ Gray, 1871); _P. c. dobsoni_ Andersen, 1908 (synonyms: _fuscus_ Dobson, 1878)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus		caniceps	Gray		1870		Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.			107		North Moluccan Flying Fox	Indonesia, Maluku, Halmahera, Batjan (= Batchian, Bacan).	Halmahera (Indonesia). Sula, Peleng, and Sangihe Isl records are erroneous, and a single Sulawesi record (obtained from a dealer) is dubious (Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1988; K. Helgen, pers. comm.; Koopman, 1993).	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	affinis Gray, 1871; batchiana Gray, 1871; dobsoni Andersen, 1908; fuscus Dobson, 1878 [not Geoffory, 1803, Desmarest, 1803, or Blainville, 1840].	caniceps species group. Includes dobsoni; see Laurie and Hill (1954). Also see Flannery (1995b).	03AD87FAFF9FF67189693515FD7FF5B3	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	162	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFACF6428CB23688F834F598.xml	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	caniceps	J. E. Gray	1871	North Moluccan Flying Fox @fr | Nordmolukken-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Molucas @es | Ashy-headed Flying Fox @en	Pteropus caniceps J. E. Gray, 1870 , “Batchian [= DBacan Islands],” Maluku Islands , Indonesia . Pteropus caniceps is in the melanopogon species group. Subspecies dobsoni from Sulawesi apparently is not valid. Monotypic.	N Moluccas Is (Halmahera and its satellite islands). Sula, Peleng, and Sangihe Is records are erroneous, and a single record from a trader in Sulawesi is dubious.	Head-body 213 mm (tailless), ear 23-30 mm , hindfoot 47 mm , forearm 188-205 mm ; weight 860-900 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 78-90 mm and tibias 83-85 mm . Head of the North Moluccan Flying Fox is brown on sides, with orange-chestnut to golden orange buffy crown extending between ears onto forehead. Bases of most hairs are golden. Ears are of moderate length, with rounded tips. Fur is generally short. Forearm and tibia are naked. Back is dark seal-brown down through rump, with distinct separation from chestnut-orange mantle and sprinkles of golden hairs mixed in. Chest is golden, and belly is buffy with flecks of light brown hairs. Calcar is reduced. Wing membranes arise close (c. 10 mm apart) along sides of spine. Index claw is present. Skull is typical pteropine but heavy and robust, with large orbits, crests, and postorbital processes and broad rostrum. Palate ridges: 5 + 5 + 3. Dentition is typical pteropine but heavy built and broad; cheekteeth have posterior ledges.	Old growth forest from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1500 m . Habitat on Halmahera and its satellite islands is evergreen rainforest, with some swathes of semievergreen rainforest in the southern peninsula. Ternate , Tidore , and parts of Bacan are moist deciduous forest.	Anecdotal evidence from Tidore suggests that North Moluccan Flying Foxes feed on breadfruit ( Artocarpus , Moraceae ).	Some births of North Moluccan Flying Foxes have been recorded in November, and females examined in late November to early December were lactating.	The North Moluccan Flying Fox is nocturnal. One individual was captured in the hollow of a durian ( Durio zibethinus, Malvaceae ) tree during the day.	A mating pair of North Moluccan Flying Foxesis usually found in tree hollows.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population decline of the Northern Moluccan Flying Fox is suspected to have been more than 30% over three generations due to hunting and habitat loss. Distribution is fragmented over several islands. Its reliance on tree crevices as roosting sites means logging and mining have great impact on populations. Logging and cultivation severely depleted forests in Northern Moluccas during World War II, and commercial logging intensified even more in the 1970s.	Andersen (1912b) | Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Flannery (1995a) | Monk et al. (1997) | Simmons (2005) | Tsang (2016i)		191. North Moluccan Flying Fox Pteropus caniceps French: North Moluccan Flying Fox / German: Nordmolukken-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Molucas Other common names: Ashy-headed Flying Fox Taxonomy. Pteropus caniceps J. E. Gray, 1870 , “Batchian [= DBacan Islands],” Maluku Islands , Indonesia . Pteropus caniceps is in the melanopogon species group. Subspecies dobsoni from Sulawesi apparently is not valid. Monotypic. Distribution. N Moluccas Is (Halmahera and its satellite islands). Sula, Peleng, and Sangihe Is records are erroneous, and a single record from a trader in Sulawesi is dubious. Descriptive notes. Head-body 213 mm (tailless), ear 23-30 mm , hindfoot 47 mm , forearm 188-205 mm ; weight 860-900 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 78-90 mm and tibias 83-85 mm . Head of the North Moluccan Flying Fox is brown on sides, with orange-chestnut to golden orange buffy crown extending between ears onto forehead. Bases of most hairs are golden. Ears are of moderate length, with rounded tips. Fur is generally short. Forearm and tibia are naked. Back is dark seal-brown down through rump, with distinct separation from chestnut-orange mantle and sprinkles of golden hairs mixed in. Chest is golden, and belly is buffy with flecks of light brown hairs. Calcar is reduced. Wing membranes arise close (c. 10 mm apart) along sides of spine. Index claw is present. Skull is typical pteropine but heavy and robust, with large orbits, crests, and postorbital processes and broad rostrum. Palate ridges: 5 + 5 + 3. Dentition is typical pteropine but heavy built and broad; cheekteeth have posterior ledges. Habitat. Old growth forest from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1500 m . Habitat on Halmahera and its satellite islands is evergreen rainforest, with some swathes of semievergreen rainforest in the southern peninsula. Ternate , Tidore , and parts of Bacan are moist deciduous forest. Food and Feeding. Anecdotal evidence from Tidore suggests that North Moluccan Flying Foxes feed on breadfruit ( Artocarpus , Moraceae ). Breeding. Some births of North Moluccan Flying Foxes have been recorded in November, and females examined in late November to early December were lactating. Activity patterns. The North Moluccan Flying Fox is nocturnal. One individual was captured in the hollow of a durian ( Durio zibethinus, Malvaceae ) tree during the day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. A mating pair of North Moluccan Flying Foxesis usually found in tree hollows. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population decline of the Northern Moluccan Flying Fox is suspected to have been more than 30% over three generations due to hunting and habitat loss. Distribution is fragmented over several islands. Its reliance on tree crevices as roosting sites means logging and mining have great impact on populations. Logging and cultivation severely depleted forests in Northern Moluccas during World War II, and commercial logging intensified even more in the 1970s. Bibliography. Andersen (1912b), Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Monk et al. (1997), Simmons (2005), Tsang (2016i).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus caniceps	Pteropus		caniceps	Gray	1870	0	Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.	p. 107	North Moluccan Flying Fox	 affinis Gray, 1871; batchiana Gray, 1871; <b> dobsoni </b> Andersen, 1908; fuscus Dobson, 1878 [not Geoffory, 1803, Desmarest, 1803, or Blainville, 1840].	Indonesia, Maluku, Halmahera, Batjan (= Batchian, Bacan).	Halmahera (Indonesia). Sula, Peleng, and Sangihe Isl records are erroneous, and a single Sulawesi record (obtained from a dealer) is dubious (Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1988; K. Helgen, pers. comm.; Koopman, 1993).	Appendix II	Vulnerable	species group incertae sedis ; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes dobsoni; see Laurie and Hill (1954). Also see Flannery(1995b).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus caniceps	23	North Moluccan Flying Fox	Ashy-headed Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	caniceps	J. E. Gray	1870	0						"Batchian [= Bacan Islands]," Maluku Islands, Indonesia.			caniceps J. E. Gray, 1870|affinis J. E. Gray, 1871|batchiana J. E. Gray, 1871|fuscus Dobson, 1878 [preoccupied]|dobsoni K. Andersen, 1908	NA	NA	Indonesia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	VU	0	0	0	Pteropus_caniceps	0	sciname match	Pteropus_caniceps	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18719	Pteropus caniceps	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	caniceps	Gray, 1870	There’s probably some confusion identifying it in the field as it appears morphologically very similar to its sympatric congeneric, P. hypomelanus .	20000000	Pteropus caniceps	Vulnerable	A3cd	2016	2016-01-18 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is assessed as Vulnerable because its populations are most likely in decline due to the combined effects of hunting and habitat loss, thus making the species qualify for Vulnerable under criterion A3cd, suspected 30% decline over the next three generations (24 years; Pacifici et al.  2013). Also, its range is fragmented over several islands, it is dependent on tree hollows found in primary forests, meaning mining and logging activity likely has a greater impact on it.	This species lives in both primary and somewhat disturbed habitats. It probably roosts in small groups and is known to roost in tree hollows. It is probably not dependent on water and occurs from sea level up to 1,630 m asl. Some births are known to take place in November (Flannery 1995).	Hunting and deforestation due to expanding agriculture and logging are the main threats to this species. This species is particularly sensitive to deforestation as it relies on older trees for hollows. As most of the islands this species occupies are volcanic, mining companies have expanded their activities into these locations, particularly on Halmahera, which is considered a growing Industrial Center for Eastern Indonesia because of its mineral wealth. Especially damaging is the use of open pit mining of iron, nickel, and gold—a practice that is expanding in some areas of the species range. A mining ban is in place, but legal concessions gave 13 mining companies the right to ignore the mining ban, resulting in more logging activity and removal of protection to previously protected forests. Forested habitats post-mining do not provide tree hollow roosts for this species, as there will are no primary forests left at those sites.	It is rarely collected throughout its range, making population estimates difficult.	Decreasing	The species is endemic to Indonesia, where it is known from the islands of Halmahera, Batjan, Tidore, and Ternate. Sula, Peleng, and Sangihe island records are erroneous (Bergmans and Rozendaal 1988, K. Helgen pers. comm., Koopman 1993). There is a single record from a Sulawesi market that is dubious, and there are no other records from this island.		Terrestrial	There are no conservation measures in place for this species; and it is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas. It is listed on CITES Appendix II.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		caniceps	Gray	1870	0	Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.	p. 107	North Moluccan Flying Fox	 affinis Gray, 1871; batchiana Gray, 1871; <b> dobsoni </b> Andersen, 1908; fuscus Dobson, 1878 [not Geoffory, 1803, Desmarest, 1803, or Blainville, 1840].	Indonesia, Maluku, Halmahera, Batjan (= Batchian, Bacan).	Halmahera (Indonesia). Sula, Peleng, and Sangihe Isl records are erroneous, and a single Sulawesi record (obtained from a dealer) is dubious (Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1988; K. Helgen, pers. comm.; Koopman, 1993).	Appendix II	Vulnerable	species group incertae sedis ; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes dobsoni; see Laurie and Hill (1954). Also see Flannery(1995b).	Pteropus caniceps	1004455	23	North Moluccan Flying Fox	Ashy-headed Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	caniceps	J. E. Gray	1870	0						"Batchian [= Bacan Islands]," Maluku Islands, Indonesia.			caniceps J. E. Gray, 1870|affinis J. E. Gray, 1871|batchiana J. E. Gray, 1871|fuscus Dobson, 1878 [preoccupied]|dobsoni K. Andersen, 1908	NA	NA				Indonesia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	VU	0	0	0	Pteropus_caniceps	0	sciname match	Pteropus_caniceps	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_caniceps	1004455	23	North Moluccan Flying Fox	Ashy-headed Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	caniceps	J. E. Gray	0	Pteropus caniceps	Gray, J.E. 1871-01-14. Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs, and fruit-eating bats in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 137 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9994624	BMNH:Mamm:1860.1.10.1	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/10f9123e-9c7d-4e0a-a034-65c980c7d223	"Batchian [= Bacan Islands]," Maluku Islands, Indonesia.			NA	NA				Indonesia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	VU	0	0	0	Pteropus_caniceps	0	sciname match	Pteropus_caniceps	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		caniceps	Gray	1870	0	Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.	p. 107	North Moluccan Flying Fox	affinis Gray, 1871; batchiana Gray, 1871; dobsoni Andersen, 1908; fuscus Dobson, 1878 [not Geoffory, 1803, Desmarest, 1803, or Blainville, 1840].	Indonesia, Maluku, Halmahera, Batjan (= Batchian, Bacan).	Halmahera (Indonesia). Sula, Peleng, and Sangihe Isl records are erroneous, and a single Sulawesi record (obtained from a dealer) is dubious (Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1988; K. Helgen, pers. comm.; Koopman, 1993).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18719/22079034/' target='_blank'>Vulnerable</a>	species group incertae sedis; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes dobsoni; see Laurie and Hill (1954). Also see Flannery(1995b).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus caniceps; Pteropus caniceps; Pteropus caniceps; Pteropus caniceps; Pteropus caniceps; Pteropus caniceps; caniceps; dobsoni; affinis; batchiana; dobsoni - fuscus; dobsoni; affinis; batchiana; dobsoni - fuscus; caniceps; affinis; batchiana; fuscus; dobsoni; North Moluccan Flying Fox; Nordmolukken-Flughund; Zorro volador de Molucas; Ashy-headed Flying Fox; North Moluccan Flying Fox; Ashy-headed Flying Fox; North Moluccan Flying Fox; North Moluccan Flying Fox; P. caniceps