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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1256	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus alecto		[MSW2] Includes gouldi; see Tate (19426:336, 337).; [MSW3] alecto species group. Includes gouldi; see Tate (1942b); also see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). The synonymy of nicobaricus with alecto is uncertain (Corbet and Hill, 1992). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with poliocephalus and possible hybridization with conspicillatus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b).; [HMW] Pteropus aldabrensis True, 1893 , “Aldabra Island,” Seychelle Islands. Pteropus aldabrensis is in the vampyrus group. It is a valid species following W. Bergmans in 1991 but often included in seychellensis Or even In a superspecies comprising most Indian Ocean Pteropus . Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes gouldi and banakrisi; see Tate (1942b) and Helgen (2004); also seeBergmans and Rozendaal (1988). The synonymy of nicobaricus with alecto is uncertain (Corbet and Hill, 1992). See Webb andTideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with poliocephalus and possible hybridization with conspicillatus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b).; [MDD2022] includes banakrisi; [batnames2023]  griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes gouldi and banakrisi; see Tate (1942b) and Helgen (2004); also seeBergmans and Rozendaal (1988). The synonymy of nicobaricus with alecto is uncertain (Corbet and Hill, 1992). See Webb andTideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with poliocephalus and possible hybridization with conspicillatus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b).; [MDD2023] includes banakrisi; [MDD2025_2.0] includes banakrisi; [batnames2025_1.7] griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes gouldi and banakrisi; see Tate (1942b) and Helgen (2004); also seeBergmans and Rozendaal (1988). The synonymy of nicobaricus with alecto is uncertain (Corbet and Hill, 1992). See Webb andTideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with poliocephalus and possible hybridization with conspicillatus.Also see Flannery (1995a, b).; [MDD2025_2.2] includes banakrisi				gouldi		aterrimus, baveanus, gouldi, morio.	aterrimus, alecto, morio, gouldi	alecto, aterrimus, gouldi, morio	nicobaricus; aterrimus - aterrimus, baveanus	alecto, aterrimus, gouldii, morio		alecto, aterrimus, gouldi, morio	alecto - banakrisi, nicobaricus; aterrimus - baveanus	alecto, atterimus, gouldii, nicobaricus, aterrimus, baveanus, morio, banakrisi		alecto, aterrimus, gouldi, morio	alecto - banakrisi, nicobaricus; aterrimus - aterrimus, baveanus	alecto, atterimus, gouldii, nicobaricus, aterrimus, baveanus, morio, banakrisi 	alecto, aterrimus, alecton, gouldii, aterrimus, baveanus, morio, banakrisi, gouldi	alecto, aterrimus, gouldi, morio	alecto - banakrisi, nicobaricus; aterrimus - aterrimus, baveanus	alecto Temminck, 1837|aterrimus Temminck, 1846 [nomen nudum]|alecton Temminck, 1853 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|gouldii W. C. H. Peters, 1868|gouldi J. D. Ogilby, 1892 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|aterrimus Matschie, 1899|baveanus G. S. Miller, 1906|morio Andersen, 1908|banakrisi G. C. Richards & L. S. Hall, 2002		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Central flying fox	Celebes – S New Guinea, NW, N, NE Australia	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus alecto	Indonesia, Sulawesi, Manado (=Menado).	Temminck	1837	Monogr. Mamm., 2:75.	Distribution: Ranging from Bawean and Kangean islands (in Java Sea on Sun da shelf) and Celebes through the Lesser Sundas to tropical Australia and extreme southern New Guinea.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Central flying fox (Black flying fox)	Sulawesi – S New Guinea, NW, N, NE Australia	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Temminck	1837	Monogr. Mamm., 2:75.	Includes gouldi; see Tate (19426:336, 337).	Sulawesi, Saleyer Isl, Lombok, Bawean Isl, Kangean Isis, Sumba Isl, and Savu Isl (Indonesia); N and E Australia; S New Guinea.	Indonesia, Sulawesi, Menado.		TEMMINCK	1837	Pos terior basal ledges of premolars practically oblit erated. Tibia naked dorsally. Premolars and mo lars not extremely narrow. Last two upper premolars clearly elongate. Inner edges of pla giopatagia well separated. Ears moderate and rounded. No mantle of contrasting colored hair present. Size medium to large (forearm length, 141-182 mm).	Distribution: Ranging from Bawean and Kangean islands (in Java Sea on Sun da shelf) and Celebes through the Lesser Sundas to tropical Australia and extreme southern New Guinea.	Four subspecies are recognized:	P. a. aterrimus (Bawean, Kangean), P. a. alecto (Celebes, Saleyer, Lombok), P. a. morio (Sumba, Savu), P. a. gouldi (coastal regions of tropical Australia, barely extending across Torres Straits to New Guinea).	26	species	P. alecto	TEMMINCK	1837	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus alecto				Pos terior basal ledges of premolars practically oblit erated. Tibia naked dorsally. Premolars and mo lars not extremely narrow. Last two upper premolars clearly elongate. Inner edges of pla giopatagia well separated. Ears moderate and rounded. No mantle of contrasting colored hair present. Size medium to large (forearm length, 141-182 mm).	Four subspecies are recognized:		47. P. alecto TEMMINCK 1837 [alecto group],	47	_P. a. alecto_ Temminck, 1837 (synonyms: _nicobaricus_ Zelebor, 1868); _P. a. aterrimus_ Matschie, 1899 (synonyms: _baveanus_ Miller, 1906); _P. a. gouldii_ Peters, 1868 (synonyms: _banakrisi_ Richards & Hall, 2002); _P. a. morio_ Andersen, 1908			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus alecto	Pteropus		alecto	Temminck		1837		Monogr. Mamm.	2		75		Black Flying Fox	Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Menado.	Sulawesi, Saleyer Isl, Lombok, Bawean Isl, Kangean Isls, Sumba Isl, and Savu Isl (Indonesia); N and E Australia; S New Guinea.	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	nicobaricus Heude, 1897 [not Zelebor, 1869]; aterrimus Matschie, 1899; aterrimus Temminck, 1846 [nomen nudum]; baveanus Miller, 1906; gouldi Peters, 1867; morio K. Andersen, 1908.	alecto species group. Includes gouldi; see Tate (1942b); also see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988). The synonymy of nicobaricus with alecto is uncertain (Corbet and Hill, 1992). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with poliocephalus and possible hybridization with conspicillatus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b).	03AD87FAFF98F6778CB33D40FDCBF7DC	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	144	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF92F67D89AC3F9DFB70FBD3.xml	Pteropus alecto	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	alecto	Temminck	1837	Roussette alecto @fr | Schwarzer Flughund @de | Zorro volador negro @es | Central Flying Fox @en	Pteropus aldabrensis True, 1893 , “Aldabra Island,” Seychelle Islands. Pteropus aldabrensis is in the vampyrus group. It is a valid species following W. Bergmans in 1991 but often included in seychellensis Or even In a superspecies comprising most Indian Ocean Pteropus . Monotypic.	P.a.alectoTemminck,1837—Sulawesi,includingSelayarI. P.a.aterrimusMatschie,1899—EJava,Bawean,andLombokIs.Theserecordshavenotbeenconfirmedrecently. P. a. gouldii Peters, 1868 — N & E Australia (including several islands on the N & E coasts: Tiwi, Groote Eylandt, Torres Strait, Magnetic, Carlisle, Percy, North Keppel, and Fraser) and coastal plain of S New Guinea (Western and Central provinces in P.a. New Guinea ); in P.a. New Guinea it might also occur in Gulf Province and offshore islands off S coast E to Yule I. P a. morio K. Andersen, 1908 — Lesser Sundas (Sumba and Savu Is).	Head-body 186- 280 mm (tailless), ear 29-37 mm , hindfoot 43-52 mm , forearm 153-191 mm ; weight 590-880 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 67-70 mm and tibias 81-90 mm . The Black Flying Fox is dark, with broad heavy rostrum and strong sagittal crest. Nominate form in Sulawesi is the largest subspecies; moro is the smallest. Australian subspecies gouldii is similar to the nominate form except that it has longer fur, narrower rostrum, and weaker dentition. Eyes are relatively large, with chocolate-brown irises. Ears are somewhat broad, with rounded or slightly attenuated tips. Head and most of body are dark; mantle is dark brown or chestnut to maroon in some individuals. Fur of mantle is rigid and oily in males and generally spreads outward. Base of fur is black. Body pelageis slightly woolly and black to dark brown, with sprinkles of white or bufty hairs. Fur is short and closely adpressed on back, with fur on sides of back particularly short. Tibia is naked. Rump is sometimes washed with deep reddish brown. Center of interfemoral region is developed. Dentition is weak. Canines are slender. Premolars do not have basal ledges (except in subspecies aterrimus, where there is some trace of posterior basal ledge in P° and P,). Cheekteeth are short and broad.	Coastal tropical and tropical moist broadleaf forests, mangroves, swamp forests, eucalypt open forests, bamboo groves, savanna woodlands, and modified landscapes (e.g. orchards or urban areas) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1000 m .	The Black Flying Fox feeds on fruits, flowers, nectar, and pollen. Major dietary items in Australia , including flowers, come from at least 16 plant genera in 12 families including figs ( Ficus , Moraceae ). In urban settings in Brisbane, Australia , it fed on Ficus ; Oreodoxa and Syagrus (both Arecaceae ); Celtis ( Cannabaceae ); Schefflera ( Araliaceae ); Mangifera ( Anacardiaceae ); and Eriobotrya ( Rosaceae ). It also ate nectar and pollen of native hybrid Grevillea ( Proteaceae ) and Callistemon ( Myrtaceae ). In Indonesia , it eats nectar from durian ( Durio zibethinus, Malvaceae ). It feeds primarily at canopies in rainforest sites, demonstrating some site fidelity although visitation to foraging sites can shift with seasonal resource shifts. Gut passage rate of under an hour combined with flying between foraging and roosting sites suggests that it is likely an important seed disperser for disjunct forest fragments.	The Black Flying Fox breeds seasonally and reproduces once a year. Courtship and mating occur in March-April, primarily during the day. In Australia , males have been recorded courting one female at a time but mate in polygynous groups of one male and up to four females. A male initiates courtship by approaching and sniffing a female with his head angled forward toward her urogenital region; the female can respond by remaining in position or avoid the male by turning away or fending him off. The male licks the vagina if the female is not resisting and persistently does so for several seconds to a minute if the female is resistant. The male then moves behind the female to align himself for copulation, restrains her by biting fur on her scruff, and restrains her wings with his own. Females often struggle and vocalize during copulation, at times releasing their foothold on a branch and grasping the male’s legs for support. Copulation ends after a few seconds to more than three minutes with the release of the female, and males make a loud call. Copulation can occur multiple times. The entire courtship sequence ends when the pair separates and each starts to groom their own genital regions. Young can interfere with courtship to attempt to suckle from their mothers and can loosen the hold of males. Lactating and non-lactating females were observed in single pairs and polygynous groups. Females give birth to one young in October-December in large maternity colonies. Pregnancy lasts c.6 months, and lactation lasts 3-6 months. Females reach sexual maturity by two years of age. The Black Flying Fox hybridizes with the Gray-headed Flying Fox ( P. poliocephalus ) and the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ) in Australia .	The Black Flying Fox is nocturnal, leaving roosting sites around dusk to forage and returning around dawn. It roosts in foliage, but there is one example ofit roosting in a natural limestone tower in northern Australia .	The Black Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially. In Papua New Guinea , colonies can contain several hundred up to 3000 individuals. In Australia , total population estimates vary widely (e.g. 108,000-250,000 individuals in 2016). In Sulawesi, it is the most common flying fox, but the population is threatened by repeated hunting events, and no total population estimates are available. Genetic evidence suggests that the Sulawesi nominate form is a single panmictic population. Using satellite telemetry, it has been recorded to fly 150 km between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia , with a maximum of 220 km covered in two days between roosts. Average nightly movement between roosts is 20 km . Movements vary greatly, and some individuals remain relatively sedentary where food is abundant. In Brisbane, individuals moved ¢. 26 km during nightly foraging. It roosts with other flying fox species, with some degree of physical segregation among species. Colonies leave roosts in a loose stream. During the day,it rests at roosts and exhibits typical pteropodine activity, such as wing flapping and occasional conspecific territorial interactions. In a study in Australia , active territorial defense was recorded by late January, with males scent-marking territories by rubbing neck glands on branches and tree trunks throughout the day. Territorial defense including displays (vocalizations or brief pursuits) or physical contact (wrestling or wing slapping) occurs in response to encroachment on defended branches.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. In Australia the Black Flying Fox has recently expanded on eastern coast as far south as around Sydney. In Indonesia ,it is threatened primarily by intensive, unsustainable hunting and habitat loss of roosting and foraging sites. Bushmeat market in Manado, northern Sulawesi , extends outward to find source populations to supply an estimated 100 tons of Black Flying Foxes, importing from other Indonesian islands to satisfy demand. No national laws protect the Black Flying Fox. In New Guinea , it is primarily threatened by loss of foraging and roosting habitat along with hunting. In Australia ,it is threatened by habitat conversion of foraging and roosting habitat to agriculture, pastureland, and urban development. Additional threats include electrocution on powerlines, entanglement on barbed wire or power lines, persecution by humans, and disturbance of maternity colonies. There has been an increase in persecution of flying foxes due to public concerns about diseases, smell, and noise associated with large colonies, particularly as they move into areas where they were rare. The Black Flying Fox is increasingly exposed to extreme heat events that can lead to high rates of mortality, especially for young.	Almeida etal. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Breed et al. (2010) | Churchill (2008) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Flannery (1995a) | Fox (2006) | Fox et al. (2008) | Lavery et al. (2012) | Lee et al. (2005) | Markus (2002) | Markus & Hall (2004) | McWilliam (1986) | Palmer & Woinarski (1999) | Palmer et al. (2000) | Ratcliffe (1932) | Roberts et al. (2017) | Sheherazade & Tsang (2015) | Sheherazade et al. (2019) | Simmons (2005) | Stager & Hall (1983) | Vardon & Tidemann (1998) | Webb &Tidemann (1995) | Welbergen etal. (2008)		152. Black Flying Fox Pleropus alecto French: Roussette alecto / German: Schwarzer Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador negro Other common names: Central Flying Fox Taxonomy. Pleropus alecto Temminck, 1837 , “le district de Menado dans I'ile Célebes [= North Sulawesi ],” Indonesia . Pteropus alecto is in the griseus species group. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.a.alectoTemminck,1837—Sulawesi,includingSelayarI. P.a.aterrimusMatschie,1899—EJava,Bawean,andLombokIs.Theserecordshavenotbeenconfirmedrecently. P. a. gouldii Peters, 1868 — N & E Australia (including several islands on the N & E coasts: Tiwi, Groote Eylandt, Torres Strait, Magnetic, Carlisle, Percy, North Keppel, and Fraser) and coastal plain of S New Guinea (Western and Central provinces in P.a. New Guinea ); in P.a. New Guinea it might also occur in Gulf Province and offshore islands off S coast E to Yule I. P a. morio K. Andersen, 1908 — Lesser Sundas (Sumba and Savu Is). Descriptive notes. Head-body 186- 280 mm (tailless), ear 29-37 mm , hindfoot 43-52 mm , forearm 153-191 mm ; weight 590-880 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 67-70 mm and tibias 81-90 mm . The Black Flying Fox is dark, with broad heavy rostrum and strong sagittal crest. Nominate form in Sulawesi is the largest subspecies; moro is the smallest. Australian subspecies gouldii is similar to the nominate form except that it has longer fur, narrower rostrum, and weaker dentition. Eyes are relatively large, with chocolate-brown irises. Ears are somewhat broad, with rounded or slightly attenuated tips. Head and most of body are dark; mantle is dark brown or chestnut to maroon in some individuals. Fur of mantle is rigid and oily in males and generally spreads outward. Base of fur is black. Body pelageis slightly woolly and black to dark brown, with sprinkles of white or bufty hairs. Fur is short and closely adpressed on back, with fur on sides of back particularly short. Tibia is naked. Rump is sometimes washed with deep reddish brown. Center of interfemoral region is developed. Dentition is weak. Canines are slender. Premolars do not have basal ledges (except in subspecies aterrimus, where there is some trace of posterior basal ledge in P° and P,). Cheekteeth are short and broad. Habitat. Coastal tropical and tropical moist broadleaf forests, mangroves, swamp forests, eucalypt open forests, bamboo groves, savanna woodlands, and modified landscapes (e.g. orchards or urban areas) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1000 m . The Black Flying Fox prefers coastal areas Food and Feeding. The Black Flying Fox feeds on fruits, flowers, nectar, and pollen. Major dietary items in Australia , including flowers, come from at least 16 plant genera in 12 families including figs ( Ficus , Moraceae ). In urban settings in Brisbane, Australia , it fed on Ficus ; Oreodoxa and Syagrus (both Arecaceae ); Celtis ( Cannabaceae ); Schefflera ( Araliaceae ); Mangifera ( Anacardiaceae ); and Eriobotrya ( Rosaceae ). It also ate nectar and pollen of native hybrid Grevillea ( Proteaceae ) and Callistemon ( Myrtaceae ). In Indonesia , it eats nectar from durian ( Durio zibethinus, Malvaceae ). It feeds primarily at canopies in rainforest sites, demonstrating some site fidelity although visitation to foraging sites can shift with seasonal resource shifts. Gut passage rate of under an hour combined with flying between foraging and roosting sites suggests that it is likely an important seed disperser for disjunct forest fragments. Breeding. The Black Flying Fox breeds seasonally and reproduces once a year. Courtship and mating occur in March-April, primarily during the day. In Australia , males have been recorded courting one female at a time but mate in polygynous groups of one male and up to four females. A male initiates courtship by approaching and sniffing a female with his head angled forward toward her urogenital region; the female can respond by remaining in position or avoid the male by turning away or fending him off. The male licks the vagina if the female is not resisting and persistently does so for several seconds to a minute if the female is resistant. The male then moves behind the female to align himself for copulation, restrains her by biting fur on her scruff, and restrains her wings with his own. Females often struggle and vocalize during copulation, at times releasing their foothold on a branch and grasping the male’s legs for support. Copulation ends after a few seconds to more than three minutes with the release of the female, and males make a loud call. Copulation can occur multiple times. The entire courtship sequence ends when the pair separates and each starts to groom their own genital regions. Young can interfere with courtship to attempt to suckle from their mothers and can loosen the hold of males. Lactating and non-lactating females were observed in single pairs and polygynous groups. Females give birth to one young in October-December in large maternity colonies. Pregnancy lasts c.6 months, and lactation lasts 3-6 months. Females reach sexual maturity by two years of age. The Black Flying Fox hybridizes with the Gray-headed Flying Fox ( P. poliocephalus ) and the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ) in Australia . Activity patterns. The Black Flying Fox is nocturnal, leaving roosting sites around dusk to forage and returning around dawn. It roosts in foliage, but there is one example ofit roosting in a natural limestone tower in northern Australia . Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Black Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially. In Papua New Guinea , colonies can contain several hundred up to 3000 individuals. In Australia , total population estimates vary widely (e.g. 108,000-250,000 individuals in 2016). In Sulawesi, it is the most common flying fox, but the population is threatened by repeated hunting events, and no total population estimates are available. Genetic evidence suggests that the Sulawesi nominate form is a single panmictic population. Using satellite telemetry, it has been recorded to fly 150 km between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia , with a maximum of 220 km covered in two days between roosts. Average nightly movement between roosts is 20 km . Movements vary greatly, and some individuals remain relatively sedentary where food is abundant. In Brisbane, individuals moved ¢. 26 km during nightly foraging. It roosts with other flying fox species, with some degree of physical segregation among species. Colonies leave roosts in a loose stream. During the day,it rests at roosts and exhibits typical pteropodine activity, such as wing flapping and occasional conspecific territorial interactions. In a study in Australia , active territorial defense was recorded by late January, with males scent-marking territories by rubbing neck glands on branches and tree trunks throughout the day. Territorial defense including displays (vocalizations or brief pursuits) or physical contact (wrestling or wing slapping) occurs in response to encroachment on defended branches. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. In Australia the Black Flying Fox has recently expanded on eastern coast as far south as around Sydney. In Indonesia ,it is threatened primarily by intensive, unsustainable hunting and habitat loss of roosting and foraging sites. Bushmeat market in Manado, northern Sulawesi , extends outward to find source populations to supply an estimated 100 tons of Black Flying Foxes, importing from other Indonesian islands to satisfy demand. No national laws protect the Black Flying Fox. In New Guinea , it is primarily threatened by loss of foraging and roosting habitat along with hunting. In Australia ,it is threatened by habitat conversion of foraging and roosting habitat to agriculture, pastureland, and urban development. Additional threats include electrocution on powerlines, entanglement on barbed wire or power lines, persecution by humans, and disturbance of maternity colonies. There has been an increase in persecution of flying foxes due to public concerns about diseases, smell, and noise associated with large colonies, particularly as they move into areas where they were rare. The Black Flying Fox is increasingly exposed to extreme heat events that can lead to high rates of mortality, especially for young. Bibliography. Almeida etal. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Bonaccorso (1998), Breed et al. (2010), Churchill (2008), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Fox (2006), Fox et al. (2008), Lavery et al. (2012), Lee et al. (2005), Markus (2002), Markus & Hall (2004), McWilliam (1986), Palmer & Woinarski (1999), Palmer et al. (2000), Ratcliffe (1932), Roberts et al. (2017), Sheherazade & Tsang (2015), Sheherazade et al. (2019), Simmons (2005), Stager & Hall (1983), Vardon & Tidemann (1998), Webb &Tidemann (1995), Welbergen etal. (2008).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus alecto	Pteropus		alecto	Temminck	1837	0	Monogr. Mamm.	0.1354	Black Flying Fox	 banakrisi Richards and Hall, 2002; nicobaricus Heude, 1897 [not Zelebor, 1869]; <b>aterrimus</b> Matschie, 1899; aterrimus Temminck, 1846 [ nomen nudum ]; baveanus  Miller, 1906; <b> gouldi </b> Peters, 1867; <b> morio </b> K. Andersen, 1908.	Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Menado.	Sulawesi, Saleyer Isl, Lombok, Bawean Isl, Kangean Isls, Sumba Isl, and Savu Isl (Indonesia); N and E Australia; S New Guinea.	Appendix II	Least Concern	 griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes gouldi and banakrisi; see Tate (1942b) and Helgen (2004); also seeBergmans and Rozendaal (1988). The synonymy of nicobaricus with alecto is uncertain (Corbet and Hill, 1992). See Webb andTideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with poliocephalus and possible hybridization with conspicillatus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus alecto	23	Black Flying Fox	Central Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	alecto	Temminck	1837	0						"le district de Menado dans l'île Célèbes [= North Sulawesi]," Indonesia.			alecto Temminck, 1837|atterimus Temminck, 1846 [nomen nudum]|gouldii W. Peters, 1867|nicobaricus Heude, 1897|aterrimus Matschie, 1899|baveanus G. S. Miller, 1906|morio K. Andersen, 1908|banakrisi G. C. Richards & L. S. Hall, 2002	includes banakrisi	Helgen, K. M. (2004). On the identity of flying-foxes, genus Pteropus (Mammalia: Chiroptera), from islands in the Torres Strait, Australia. Zootaxa, 780(1), 1-14.	Indonesia|Papua New Guinea|Australia	Asia|Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_alecto	0	sciname match	Pteropus_alecto	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18715	Pteropus alecto	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	alecto	Temminck, 1837		20000000	Pteropus alecto	Least Concern		2017	2016-05-30 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Pteropus alecto is listed Least Concern. In Australia, the species has a large population, widespread distribution, and expanding southward margin. A substantial proportion of the range occurs in remote areas of Australia largely unaffected by land clearing and other significant threats (Northern Territory, Western Australia and Cape York in Queensland, Bradshaw 2012). Threats from heat related mortality events affect a relatively small proportion of the range at latitudes greater than approximately 26.30<sup>o</sup>, although they are likely to increase in frequency with climate change (Welbergen et al.    2008). Intense hunting threatens populations in Sulawesi (population has declined more than 20-25% over the last three generations (S. Tsang and Sheherazade pers. comm.), and hunting and habitat modification threaten the species in Papua New Guinea.	This largely coastal species is found in areas of mangrove and swamp forest, and in tropical moist forest and in savannas near water (Loughland 1998, Bonaccorso 1998, Churchill 2008), it is also found in urban environments (Markus et al.  2008). It roosts in large colonies of several hundred to tens of thousands of animals (Bonaccorso 1998, Welbergen 2008) in patches of trees and dense vegetation, and can form mixed-species colonies with other flying fox species including P. scapulatus , P. poliocephalus , P. conspicillatus , P. neohibernicus , and Acerodon celebensis . There is one exception of P. alecto roosting in a natural limestone tower in northern Australia (Chillego, Stager and Hall 1983). In northern Queensland where both P. alecto and P. conspicillatus occur, they are typically not recorded at the same roost (Churchill 2008). However, small groups have been observed co-roosting at a limited number of sites, e.g. Ingham, Cairns and Finch Hatton (Parson et al.  2010, J. Welbergen pers. comm.). In Sulawesi, P. alecto are typically found co-roosting with Acerodon celebensis (S.M. Tsang and S. Wiantoro pers. comm.). Pteropus alecto is capable of long-distance movements, with cumulative movements of hundreds of kilometers within a year, including across international boundaries and transversing significant distances across the sea(Breed et al.  2010). For example, using satellite telemetry, P. alecto was recorded transiting the Torres Strait between Australia and Papua New Guinea (Western Provience), a distance of 150 km and moving between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia (Breed et al.  2010). Nightly movements of &gt;60 km between roosts (J. Welbergen pers. comm.) and distances of up to 220 km in two days between roosts (B. Roberts pers comm.) have been recorded. In Papua New Guinea camps range in size from several hundred to up to 3,000, and their locations may shift frequently with many camps not present from one year to the next (A. Breed and T. Leary pers. comm). However, the movement patterns of P. alecto vary between individuals, while some move long distances, others remain relatively sedentary. Some individual P. alecto can adopt a primarily sedentary lifestyle in areas where a high diversity of food plants provide a continuous food supply (Markus 2001, Breed et al.  2010). The primary food source in Australia is the flowers of Eucalyptus, Banksia, Melaleuca species, plus rainforest and exotic fruits (Markus and Hall 2004). Using radio-tracking individual animals were shown to move a total of 26 km during nightly feeding in urban Brisbane. Using satellite telemetry, nightly movements of 32 km between feeding sites and roosts have been recorded (B. Roberts pers. comm.). P. alecto can maintain fidelity to feeding sites for an average of one month, although considerable variation is likely (McWilliams 1986). A study in northern Australia found that the feeding distances of P. alect o changed seasonally, with individuals travelling further during the dry season when feeding on Eucalyptus species compared with the wet season when feeding on locally abundant rainforest fruit (Palmer 1997, Palmer and Woinarski 1999). Some variation between movements of male and females P. alecto has been reported, with lactating females traveling greater distances between roosts and foraging sites than males (Palmer and Woinarski 1999). Pregnancy in P. alecto lasts for 27 weeks (Martin et al.  1996) and females annually give birth to a single young. In northern Australia at 12ºS most births occur between January and March, in contrast to October and November at 27ºS in eastern Australia (Vardon and Tidemann 1998). However, a small proportion of young are born outside the major birth peaks in both areas (Vardon and Tidemann 1998). The timing of reproduction may vary according to the seasonal abundance of regional food resources (Vardon and Tidemann 1998).	In Australia, threats are similar to other Pteropus species that overlap in range. They include habitat modification, lethal pest control, hunting for food and trade, heat related mortality, dispersal of camps, entanglement in barbed wire fences and backyard drape netting, and electrocution on powerlines. In Indonesia, this species is sold in North Sulawesi, particularly near Manado. The species is now locally extirpated in North Sulawesi, and hunting has expanded into other provinces of Sulawesi to meet local demand. Hunting is a serious threat to population persistence, as current levels of trade are unsustainable (Sheherazade and Tsang 2015). Hunters also noted a decline in population size (Sheherazade, pers. comm.), which requires further study to corroborate. In New Guinea, hunting for food and habitat modification are probably the greatest threats (T. Leary pers. comm.). As this species expands its range southwards in Australia it is increasingly exposed to days of extreme temperature that can lead to high rates of mortality, particularly in young (Markus et al. 2008, Welbergen et al. 2008, J. Welbergen pers comm). The frequency of these mortality events is likely to increase with climate change (Welbergen et al. 2008). In January 2014, approximately 46,000 animals in 52 camps died during an extreme heat event in South-East Queensland, representing approximately 50 percent of the population present at the time (J. Welbergen pers comm ).	Pteropus alecto is generally common over much of its range. In New Guinea and the Torres Strait numbers may fluctuate from year to year, possibly seasonally (Bonaccorso 1998, Breed et al.   2013, T. Leary and T. Lavery pers. comm.). Recent genetic work for P. alecto indicates that the Sulawesi population is genetically distinct, and there is some evidence of historical or current gene flow between locations in eastern, northern and western Australia, southern Papua New Guinea and Sumba (Indonesia) (A. Breed pers. comm.). The species is now locally extirpated from North Sulawesi due to intense hunting, and rapidly declining throughout Sulawesi as hunters expand bushmeat collection into other provinces (Sheherazade and Tsang, 2015). In other provinces of Sulawesi, known resident colonies are not officially protected, there are no laws nor any conservation activities in Sulawesi for P. alecto (Sheherazade and S.M. Tsang pers. comm.). Part of P. alecto ’s population in eastern Australia most heavily affected by habitat clearing and land use change has been included in State and National Flying-fox monitoring programs since mid-2007. Total population estimates in the area vary widely, presumably in relation to migration to and from the survey area, estimates from a sub-sample of roosts in this area ranged from 108,000 to 250,000 in 2016. However, little in known about population size and trends elsewhere in Australia and across its range in New Guinea and Indonesia. Further surveys of the distribution and population size of this species are needed in these locations.	Unknown	Pteropus alecto is common in coastal subtropical and tropical northern and eastern Australia, from Shark Bay In Western Australia to south-eastern New South Wales (Hall and Richards 2000, Churchill 2008). It is also found through the Torres Strait including Poruma, Warraber and Boigu Island (Helgen 2004, Lavery et al.    2012), in parts of southern New Guinea including the coastal plain of the Western, Gulf and Central Provinces until the Yule Islands (Bonaccorso 1998, A. Breed and T. Leary pers. comm.), and the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi, Salayar, Sumba and Sava (Breed et al.    2013, A. Breed pers comm.). In northern Australia, P. alecto has been found as far as 250 km inland (Thompson1991), but typically occurs in coastal areas (Hall and Richards 2000). Over the past century, P. alecto has expanded its southern range limit by approximately 10.5 degrees latitude from Rochamption, Queensland to Wollongong, New South Wales (Roberts et al.    2012a, J. Martin pers. comm.), with single (vagrant) individuals reported as far south as Melbourne, Victoria, and Adelaide, South Australia. The species was previously reported in eastern Java, Lombok and the Kangean islands, however, recent information suggests that P. alecto have not been confirmed in these locations in recent decades (A. Breed pers comm.). Previously collected specimens from Timor that were thought to be P. alecto were indicated to be P. vampyrus according to mtDNA sequence analysis (A. Breed pers. comm.).	The species is hunted for food.	Terrestrial	This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Some roosting and feeding habitats are in protected areas, but a very small proportion of the population is likely to occur in protected areas at any time. An unknown proportion of the population in eastern Australia has been monitored in State and National Flying-fox monitoring programs since mid-2007. Lethal crop protection is regulated in eastern Australia.	Australasian|Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		alecto	Temminck	1837	0	Monogr. Mamm.	0.135417	Black Flying Fox	 banakrisi Richards and Hall, 2002; nicobaricus Heude, 1897 [not Zelebor, 1869]; <b>aterrimus</b> Matschie, 1899; aterrimus Temminck, 1846 [ nomen nudum ]; baveanus  Miller, 1906; <b> gouldi </b> Peters, 1867; <b> morio </b> K. Andersen, 1908.	Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Menado.	Sulawesi, Saleyer Isl, Lombok, Bawean Isl, Kangean Isls, Sumba Isl, and Savu Isl (Indonesia); N and E Australia; S New Guinea.	Appendix II	Least Concern	 griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes gouldi and banakrisi; see Tate (1942b) and Helgen (2004); also seeBergmans and Rozendaal (1988). The synonymy of nicobaricus with alecto is uncertain (Corbet and Hill, 1992). See Webb andTideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with poliocephalus and possible hybridization with conspicillatus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b).	Pteropus alecto	1004450	23	Black Flying Fox	Central Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	alecto	Temminck	1837	0						"le district de Menado dans l'île Célèbes [= North Sulawesi]," Indonesia.			alecto Temminck, 1837|atterimus Temminck, 1846 [nomen nudum]|gouldii W. Peters, 1867|nicobaricus Heude, 1897|aterrimus Matschie, 1899|baveanus G. S. Miller, 1906|morio K. Andersen, 1908|banakrisi G. C. Richards & L. S. Hall, 2002	includes banakrisi	Helgen, K. M. (2004). On the identity of flying-foxes, genus Pteropus (Mammalia: Chiroptera), from islands in the Torres Strait, Australia. Zootaxa, 780(1), 1-14.				Indonesia|Papua New Guinea|Australia	Asia|Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_alecto	0	sciname match	Pteropus_alecto	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_alecto	1004450	23	Black Flying Fox	Central Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	alecto	Temminck	0	Pteropus alecto	Temminck, C.J. 1837. Livraison 2. Pp. 49–140 in Temminck, C.J. 1835-1841. Monographies de Mammalogie. Tome second. C. C. van der Hoek, Leiden, 392 pp.	https://archive.org/details/monographiedema00temmgoog	RMNH.MAM.33643	holotype		"le district de Menado dans l'île Célèbes [= North Sulawesi]," Indonesia.			includes banakrisi	Helgen, K. M. (2004). On the identity of flying-foxes, genus Pteropus (Mammalia: Chiroptera), from islands in the Torres Strait, Australia. Zootaxa, 780(1), 1-14.				Indonesia|Papua New Guinea|Australia	Asia|Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_alecto	0	sciname match	Pteropus_alecto	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		alecto	Temminck	1837	0	Monogr. Mamm.	0.135417	Black Flying Fox	banakrisi Richards and Hall, 2002; nicobaricus Heude, 1897 [not Zelebor, 1869]; aterrimus Matschie, 1899; aterrimus Temminck, 1846 [nomen nudum]; baveanus  Miller, 1906; gouldi Peters, 1867; morio K. Andersen, 1908.	Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Menado.	Sulawesi, Saleyer Isl, Lombok, Bawean Isl, Kangean Isls, Sumba Isl, and Savu Isl (Indonesia); N and E Australia; S New Guinea.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18715/22080057/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes gouldi and banakrisi; see Tate (1942b) and Helgen (2004); also seeBergmans and Rozendaal (1988). The synonymy of nicobaricus with alecto is uncertain (Corbet and Hill, 1992). See Webb andTideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with poliocephalus and possible hybridization with conspicillatus.Also see Flannery (1995a, b).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus alecto; Pteropus alecto; Pteropus alecto; Pteropus alecto; Pteropus alecto; Pteropus alecto; alecto; aterrimus; gouldi; morio; nicobaricus; aterrimus - aterrimus; baveanus; alecto; aterrimus; gouldii; morio; aterrimus; gouldi; morio; banakrisi; nicobaricus; aterrimus - baveanus; alecto; atterimus; gouldii; nicobaricus; aterrimus; baveanus; morio; banakrisi; Roussette alecto; Schwarzer Flughund; Zorro volador negro; Central Flying Fox; Black Flying Fox; Central Flying Fox; Black Flying Fox; Black Flying Fox; P. alecto