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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1230	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus minor		[HMW] Ptenochirus minor Yoshiyuki, 1979 , Baracatan, Mount Talomo, Davao City, Mindanao, Philippines . This species is monotypic.														minor				minor 	minor 			minor Yoshiyuki, 1979		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Mindanao, Palawan; ref. 4.45	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Ptenochirus minor	Philippines, Mindanao, Davao, Mt. Talomo, Baracatan.	Yoshiyuki	1979	Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, ser. A (Zool.), 5:75.	Distribution: Known only from Mindanao, Dinagat and Palawan in the Phi lippines.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Mindanao, Dinagat, Palawan Is, Philippines	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Yoshiyuki	1979	Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, Ser. A (ZooL), 5:75.		Philippines.	Philippines, Mindanao, Davao, Mt. Talomo, Baracatan.		YOSHIYUKI	1979	Size relatively small (forearm length, 62-77 mm; greatest length of skull, 29-35 mm).	Distribution: Known only from Mindanao, Dinagat and Palawan in the Phi lippines.	No subspecies.		33	species	P. minor	YOSHIYUKI	1979	Ptenochirus	genus	Ptenochirus minor				Size relatively small (forearm length, 62-77 mm; greatest length of skull, 29-35 mm).	No subspecies.		2. P. minor YOSHIYUKI 1979.	2	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus		minor	Yoshiyuki		1979		Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, Ser. A (Zool.)	5		75		Lesser Musky Fruit Bat	Philippines, Mindanao, Davao City Prov., Mt. Talomo, Baracatan.	Philippines.	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).			03AD87FAFFCFF6218C9F36D9F64FF4F0	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	68	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFCEF62089A738D5F79DF6A4.xml	Ptenochirus minor	Pteropodidae	Ptenochirus	minor	Yoshiyuki	1979	Cynoptére musqué @fr | Kleiner Moschusflughund @de | Ptenoquiro pequeno @es	Ptenochirus minor Yoshiyuki, 1979 , Baracatan, Mount Talomo, Davao City, Mindanao, Philippines . This species is monotypic.	Philippines , in Mindanao faunal region in C & E Visayas Is ( Samar , Biliran , Leyte , and Bohol ), DinagatI, and Mindanao I.	Head-body 104-113 mm, til 7-12 mm, ear 19-22 mm, hindfoot 18-20 mm, forearm 70-78 mm; mean weight 50-1 g. The Lesser Musky Fruit Bat is medium-sized, with dark head and rusty ruff. Males are darker and slightly larger than females. Muzzle is moderately short and wide; nostrils are shortly tubular and divergent; philtrum reaches upperlip and ends in two pads; and two pads occur on lowerlip, lined with smaller papillae. Eyes are moderately large;iris is olive-brown. Ears are long, rounded, and uniformly grayish brown. Head is wide, pelage is dark gray, and nape and dorsum have grayish brown long hairs. Uropatagium is wide, and calcar is short. Ruff is rusty brown, more conspicuous in males, which have a gland producing oily secretion with characteristic musky cinnamon smell. Chest and belly are grayish brown. Wing membranes are blackish brown from sides of body and attach to first toe, and index claw is present. Skull lacks basicranial deflection; laterally, rostrum is moderately deep, strongly sloping to forehead; orbits are large; zygomatic root is well above upper alveolar line; zygomais well developed and arched posteriorly; and braincase is rounded. Dorsally, rostrum is wide; paranasal recesses are inflated, passing posteriorly postorbital foramina; postorbital process has thick base, projecting posterolaterally; postorbital constriction is marked; temporal lines join in low but marked sagittal crest; braincase is oval; and nuchal crest is well defined. Ventrally, palate is rather wide and flat; post-dental is long and converging; palatine spine joins sphenoidal crest; and ectotympanic is small and wide anteriorly, internally edged by long entotympanic. Mandible is moderately thick; coronoid is abruptly sloping; tip is wide; condyle is above lower alveolarline, and angle is round,salient, and well-marked. Dental formula for species of Ptenochirusis12/1,C1/1,P 3/3, M 1/2 (x2) =28.1' 1s long and spatulated; I? is short and small; C' is strong, almost straight, with accessory inner cusp and groove on convex anterior surface; P' is a spicule; and posterior cheekteeth are tall and shortly rectangular in outline, decreasing in height and more elongated in outline posteriorly. I, is deeply bifid (I, absent); C,is relatively small and decurved; P|is rather large and wide labiolingually; posterior cheekteeth are strong, tall, and shortly rectangular anteriorly, decreasing in height and more elongated in outline posteriorly, without surface cusps; and M, is peg-like.	[.owland and montane primary rainforests from sea level to elevations of¢. 1600 m .	The Lesser Musky Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous and relies heavily on figs ( Ficus spp. , Moraceae ) year-round. It also reportedly eats wild and cultivated bananas ( Musa , Musaceae ).	Female Lesser Musky Fruit Bats give birth to one young synchronously in July-August, but data on other months are lacking.	One male Lesser Musky Fruit Bat was found roosting in a primary forest on foliage of a shrub 2 m aboveground.	No information.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population of Lesser Musky Fruit Bat is presumably large and stable, but it is not commonly found in disturbed areas, which might indicate it is susceptible to decline due to deforestation.	Achondo et al. (2014) | Giannini & Simmons (2007a) | Heaney & Rabor (1982) | Heaney et al. (2006) | Jones, Bielby et al. (2009) | Olson et al. (2001) | Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Heaney, Pedregosa, Warguez et al. (2008) | Relox et al. (2014) | Yoshiyuki (1979a)		12. Lesser Musky Fruit Bat Ptenochirus minor French: Cynoptére musqué / German: Kleiner Moschusflughund / Spanish: Ptenoquiro pequeno Taxonomy. Ptenochirus minor Yoshiyuki, 1979 , Baracatan, Mount Talomo, Davao City, Mindanao, Philippines . This species is monotypic. Distribution. Philippines , in Mindanao faunal region in C & E Visayas Is ( Samar , Biliran , Leyte , and Bohol ), DinagatI, and Mindanao I. Descriptive notes. Head-body 104-113 mm, til 7-12 mm, ear 19-22 mm, hindfoot 18-20 mm, forearm 70-78 mm; mean weight 50-1 g. The Lesser Musky Fruit Bat is medium-sized, with dark head and rusty ruff. Males are darker and slightly larger than females. Muzzle is moderately short and wide; nostrils are shortly tubular and divergent; philtrum reaches upperlip and ends in two pads; and two pads occur on lowerlip, lined with smaller papillae. Eyes are moderately large;iris is olive-brown. Ears are long, rounded, and uniformly grayish brown. Head is wide, pelage is dark gray, and nape and dorsum have grayish brown long hairs. Uropatagium is wide, and calcar is short. Ruff is rusty brown, more conspicuous in males, which have a gland producing oily secretion with characteristic musky cinnamon smell. Chest and belly are grayish brown. Wing membranes are blackish brown from sides of body and attach to first toe, and index claw is present. Skull lacks basicranial deflection; laterally, rostrum is moderately deep, strongly sloping to forehead; orbits are large; zygomatic root is well above upper alveolar line; zygomais well developed and arched posteriorly; and braincase is rounded. Dorsally, rostrum is wide; paranasal recesses are inflated, passing posteriorly postorbital foramina; postorbital process has thick base, projecting posterolaterally; postorbital constriction is marked; temporal lines join in low but marked sagittal crest; braincase is oval; and nuchal crest is well defined. Ventrally, palate is rather wide and flat; post-dental is long and converging; palatine spine joins sphenoidal crest; and ectotympanic is small and wide anteriorly, internally edged by long entotympanic. Mandible is moderately thick; coronoid is abruptly sloping; tip is wide; condyle is above lower alveolarline, and angle is round,salient, and well-marked. Dental formula for species of Ptenochirusis12/1,C1/1,P 3/3, M 1/2 (x2) =28.1' 1s long and spatulated; I? is short and small; C' is strong, almost straight, with accessory inner cusp and groove on convex anterior surface; P' is a spicule; and posterior cheekteeth are tall and shortly rectangular in outline, decreasing in height and more elongated in outline posteriorly. I, is deeply bifid (I, absent); C,is relatively small and decurved; P|is rather large and wide labiolingually; posterior cheekteeth are strong, tall, and shortly rectangular anteriorly, decreasing in height and more elongated in outline posteriorly, without surface cusps; and M, is peg-like. Habitat. [.owland and montane primary rainforests from sea level to elevations of¢. 1600 m . Food and Feeding. The Lesser Musky Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous and relies heavily on figs ( Ficus spp. , Moraceae ) year-round. It also reportedly eats wild and cultivated bananas ( Musa , Musaceae ). Breeding. Female Lesser Musky Fruit Bats give birth to one young synchronously in July-August, but data on other months are lacking. Activity patterns. One male Lesser Musky Fruit Bat was found roosting in a primary forest on foliage of a shrub 2 m aboveground. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population of Lesser Musky Fruit Bat is presumably large and stable, but it is not commonly found in disturbed areas, which might indicate it is susceptible to decline due to deforestation. Bibliography. Achondo et al. (2014), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Heaney & Rabor (1982), Heaney et al. (2006), Jones, Bielby et al. (2009), Olson et al. (2001), Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Heaney, Pedregosa, Warguez et al. (2008), Relox et al. (2014), Yoshiyuki (1979a).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Ptenochirus minor	Ptenochirus		minor	Yoshiyuki	1979	0	Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, Ser. A (Zool.)	0.2604	Lesser Musky Fruit Bat	None.	Philippines, Mindanao, Davao City Prov., Mt. Talomo, Baracatan.	Philippines.	Not listed.	Least Concern		Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Ptenochirus minor	23	Lesser Musky Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Ptenochirus	NA	minor	Yoshiyuki	1979	0						Baracatan, Mount Talomo, Davao City, Mindanao, Philippines.			minor Yoshiyuki, 1979	NA	NA	Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Ptenochirus_minor	0	sciname match	Ptenochirus_minor	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18654	Ptenochirus minor	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Ptenochirus	minor	Yoshiyuki, 1979		20000000	Ptenochirus minor	Least Concern		2021	2020-12-15 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Ptenochirus minor is assessed as Least Concern because it is common and widespread in a range of suitable habitats. Its population is suspected to have declined due to forest loss, but not at a rate that would qualify it for a threatened category. The species occurs in a number of protected areas.	Ptenochirus minor is found in lowland and montane forest and secondary forest (Heaney et al. 1998, 2010); it does not occur in agricultural or urban areas (L. Heaney pers. comm. 2006). It apparently coexists at upper elevations with P. jagori (L. Heaney pers. comm. 2006). In a 2002 mist net survey on Mount Apo, Mindanao, Ptenochirus minor was uncommon in lower elevation mossy-montane forest that had been subjected to habitat alteration (Jakosalem et al. unpublished report). Lactating females were observed in August in Leyte (M.R. Duya pers comm).	Whilst populations have declined due to destruction of lowland forest habitat, they are still considered to be common and widespread (Heaney et al. 1998). Overall, this species has clearly declined because of habitat loss, but it is not significantly threatened, especially as it can adapt to some secondary habitats.	Its population has declined due to destruction of lowland forest habitat, but they are still considered to be common and widespread (Heaney et al. 1998). It is common in primary lowland and montane forest and sometimes present in mossy forest, and can also be relatively common in secondary forest and has been documented in low numbers in an old reforestation area adjacent to secondary forest (Fidelino et al. 2020).	Stable	The Lesser Musky Fruit Bat is endemic to the Philippines, where it is found only in the Mindanao faunal region. Records are from Biliran, Bohol (R. Pamaong pers. comm. 2006), Dinagat, Leyte, Mindanao (Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Compostela Valley, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and Surigao del Sur provinces, though it probably occurs throughout the island (L. Heaney pers. comm.), Leyte (Fidelino et al . 2020) and Samar (J.C. Gonzalez pers. comm. 2006, R. Gomez pers. comm. 2007) (Yoshiyuki 1979, Heaney et al. 1998, Heaney et al. 2010). A record from Palawan (Yoshiyuki 1979) is almost certainly erroneous (L. Heaney pers. comm. 2006). It has been recorded from sea level to 1,600 m asl.		Terrestrial	Ptenochirus minor occurs in some protected areas. Additional research is needed on its population status and trends, and threats.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Ptenochirus		minor	Yoshiyuki	1979	0	Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, Ser. A (Zool.)	0.260417	Lesser Musky Fruit Bat	None.	Philippines, Mindanao, Davao City Prov., Mt. Talomo, Baracatan.	Philippines.	Not listed.	Least Concern		Ptenochirus minor	1004386	23	Lesser Musky Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Ptenochirus	NA	minor	Yoshiyuki	1979	0						Baracatan, Mount Talomo, Davao City, Mindanao, Philippines.			minor Yoshiyuki, 1979	NA	NA				Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Ptenochirus_minor	0	sciname match	Ptenochirus_minor	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Ptenochirus_minor	1004386	23	Lesser Musky Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Cynopterinae	Cynopterini	Ptenochirus	NA	minor	Yoshiyuki	0	Ptenochirus minor	Yoshiyuki, M. 1979. A new species of the genus _Ptenochirus_ (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) from the Philippine Islands. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo (A)5(1):75-81.		NMPh (number not known)	holotype		Baracatan, Mount Talomo, Davao City, Mindanao, Philippines.			NA	NA				Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Ptenochirus_minor	0	sciname match	Ptenochirus_minor	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Ptenochirus		minor	Yoshiyuki	1979	0	Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, Ser. A (Zool.)	0.260417	Lesser Musky Fruit Bat	None.	Philippines, Mindanao, Davao City Prov., Mt. Talomo, Baracatan.	Philippines.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18654/22071330/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>			Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Ptenochirus minor; Ptenochirus minor; Ptenochirus minor; Ptenochirus minor; Ptenochirus minor; Ptenochirus minor; minor; Cynoptére musqué; Kleiner Moschusflughund; Ptenoquiro pequeno; Lesser Musky Fruit Bat; Lesser Musky Fruit Bat; Lesser Musky Fruit Bat; P. minor