http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format	name_CH1_1980	name_MSW1_1982	name_CH3_1991	name_MSW2_1993	name_Koopman_1994	name_MSW3_2005	name_HMW_2019	name_BatNames_2022	name_MDD_2022	name_IUCN_2022	name_BatNames_2023	name_MDD_2023	name_MDD_2025_2.0	name_batnames_2025_1.7	name_MDD_2025_2.2	column151	taxonomic_notes_concatenated	column171	synonyms_CH1	subspecies__MSW2	synonyms__MSW1	synonyms_CH3	synonyms_MSW2	subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted	subspecies_MSW3_interpreted	synonym_MSW3_interpreted	subspecies_HMW_interpreted	synonym_HMW_interpreted	subspecies_batnames_interpreted	synonym_batnames_interpreted	synonym_MDD_interpreted	synonym_IUCN_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2025_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted	synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted	nominalNames	column391	docOrigin_CH1	commonName_CH1	distribution_CH1	docOrigin_MSW1	column451	typeLocality_MSW1	authority_MSW1	year_MSW1	citation_MSW1	distribution	comment_MSW1	docOrigin_CH3	commonName_CH3	distribution_CH3	docOrigin_MSW2	authority_MSW2	year_MSW2	citation_MSW2	comments_MSW2	distribution_MSW2	typeLocality_MSW2	docOrigin_Koopman94	authority_Koopman94	year_Koopman94	description_Koopman94	distribution_Koopman94	diversity_Koopman94	subspecies_Koopman94	page	rank	name	authority	year	parent	parent_rank	corrected_name	actual_species_count	claimed_species_count	dental_formula	description	diversity	full_subspecies_text	name_line	species_index	subspecies	synonym	text	docOrigin_MSW3	order_MSW3	family_MSW3	subfamily_MSW3	tribe_MSW3	name_MSW3	genus_MSW3	subgenus_MSW3	species_MSW3	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3	(parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3	authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3	actualDate_MSW3	citation_MSW3	volume_MSW3	issue_MSW3	pages_MSW3	type_species_MSW3	commonName_MSW3	typeLocality_MSW3	distribution_MSW3	status_MSW3	synonym_MSW3	comments_MSW3	docId_HMW	docOrigin_HMW	docISBN_HMW	docName_HMW	docMasterId_HMW	docPageNumber_HMW	derivedFrom_HMW	name_HMW	family_HMW	genus_HMW	species_HMW	authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW	authoritySpeciesYear	commonNames_HMW	taxonomy_HMW	subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW	descriptiveNotes_HMW	habitat_HMW	foodAndFeeding_HMW	breeding_HMW	activityPatterns_HMW	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW	statusAndConservation_HMW	bibliography_HMW	distributionImageURL_HMW	verbatimText_HMW	docOrigin_batnames	family_batnames	name_batnames	genus_batnames	subgenus_batnames	species_batnames	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames	date_batnames	parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses)	citation_batnames	docPageNumber_batnames	common Name_batnames	synonyms_batnames	type_locality_batnames	Distribution_batnames	CITES_batnames	IUCN_batnames	comments_batnames	docOrigin_MDD	name_MDD	phylosort_MDD	mainCommonName_MDD	otherCommonNames_MDD	subclass_MDD	infraclass_MDD	magnorder_MDD	superorder_MDD	order_MDD	suborder_MDD	infraorder_MDD	parvorder_MDD	superfamily_MDD	family_MDD	subfamily_MDD	tribe_MDD	genus_MDD	subgenus_MDD	specificEpithet_MDD	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD	authorityParentheses_MDD	originalNameCombination_MDD	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD	holotypeVoucher_MDD	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD	typeLocality_MDD	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD	nominalNames_MDD	taxonomyNotes_MDD	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD	countryDistribution_MDD	continentDistribution_MDD	biogeographicRealm_MDD	iucnStatus_MDD	extinct_MDD	domestic_MDD	flagged_MDD	CMW_sciName_MDD	diffSinceCMW_MDD	MSW3_matchtype_MDD	MSW3_sciName_MDD	diffSinceMSW3_MDD	docOrigin_IUCN	internalTaxonId_IUCN	NAME_IUCN	kingdomName_IUCN	phylumName_IUCN	className_IUCN	orderName_IUCN	familyName_IUCN	genusName_IUCN	speciesName_IUCN	authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN	taxonomicNotes_IUCN	assessmentId_IUCN	scientificName_IUCN	redlistCategory_IUCN	redlistCriteria_IUCN	yearPublished_IUCN	assessmentDate_IUCN	criteriaVersion_IUCN	language_IUCN	rationale_IUCN	habitat_IUCN	threats_IUCN	population_IUCN	populationTrend_IUCN	range_IUCN	useTrade_IUCN	systems_IUCN	conservationActions_IUCN	realm_IUCN	yearLastSeen_IUCN	possiblyExtinct_IUCN	possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN	scopes_IUCN	docOrigin_batnames2023	FAMILY_batnames2023	GENUS_batnames2023	SUBGENUS_batnames2023	SPECIES_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023	PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES)	CITATION_batnames2023	PAGES_batnames2023	COMMON NAME_batnames2023	SYNONYMS_batnames2023	TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023	DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023	CITES_batnames2023	IUCN_batnames2023	COMMENTS_batnames2023	name MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1229	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Ptenochirus jagori	Ptenochirus jagori	Ptenochirus jagorii	Ptenochirus jagori	Ptenochirus jagorii	Ptenochirus jagori	Ptenochirus jagorii	Ptenochirus jagorii	Ptenochirus jagorii	Ptenochirus jagori	Ptenochirus jagorii	Ptenochirus jagorii	Ptenochirus jagorii	Ptenochirus jagorii	Ptenochirus jagorii		[MSW3] Sometimes misspelled jagorii (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1992).; [HMW] Pachysoma (Plenochirus) jagorii Peters, 1861 , Daraga, Albay , Luzon, Philippines . This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] Sometimes misspelled jagorii (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1992).; [batnames2023] Sometimes misspelled jagorii (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1992).; [batnames2025_1.7] Sometimes misspelled jagorii (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1992).														jagorii				jagorii 	jagorii, jagori			jagorii (W. C. H. Peters, 1861)|jagori Sanborn, 1952 [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Philippines	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Ptenochirus jagori	Philippines, Luzon, Albay, Daraga.	Peters	1861	Monatsb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 707.	Distribution: Known only from Luzon, Mindanao, and a number of smaller islands in between (but not from the Palawan group) in the Philippines.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Philippines	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Peters	1861	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1861:707.		Philippines.	Philippines, Luzon, Albay, Daraga.		PETERS	1861	Size relatively large (forearm length, 76-87 mm; greatest length of skull, 36-39 mm).	Distribution: Known only from Luzon, Mindanao, and a number of smaller islands in between (but not from the Palawan group) in the Philippines.	No subspecies.		33	species	P. jagorii	PETERS	1861	Ptenochirus	genus	Ptenochirus jagorii				Size relatively large (forearm length, 76-87 mm; greatest length of skull, 36-39 mm).	No subspecies.		1. P. jagorii (PETERS 1861).	1	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Ptenochirus jagori	Ptenochirus		jagori	Peters	y	1861		Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1861		707		Greater Musky Fruit Bat	Philippines, Luzon, Albay, Daraga.	Philippines except Palawan region.	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).		Sometimes misspelled jagorii (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1992).	03AD87FAFFCEF62089A738D5F79DF6A4	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	68	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFCEF6218CAD3D9BF597FDE3.xml	Ptenochirus jagorii	Pteropodidae	Ptenochirus	jagorii	Peters	1861	Cynoptére de Jagor @fr | Gro Rer Moschusflughund @de | Ptenoquiro grande @es	Pachysoma (Plenochirus) jagorii Peters, 1861 , Daraga, Albay , Luzon, Philippines . This species is monotypic.	Philippines (except Palawan faunal region), also present in the Batanes /Babuyan faunal region ( Camiguin I) and the Greater Sulu faunal region (Bongao and Sanga-Sanga Is).	Head-body 114- 127 mm , tail 6-18 mm , ear 18-25 mm , hindfoot 18-22 mm , forearm 76-91 mm ; weight 62-97 g. The Greater Musky Fruit Bat is medium-sized, with dark head. Adult males are slightly larger, with more conspicuous ruff than females. Head is large and wide. Muzzle is stout, with blackish brown skin; nostrils are shortly tubular and divergent; philtrum reaches upperlip, ending in two pads; two large triangular pads occur on lower lip; and both lips are lined with smaller pads. Eyes are mid-sized; iris is chestnut to reddish brown. Ears are moderately short, attenuated at tips and uniformly dark brown, and antitragus lobe is obsolescent. Head pelage is very short, generally very dark grayish brown, almost black; dorsum is grayish brown. Uropatagium and tail are well developed, and calcaris short. Ventrally, wide reddish to rusty brown ruff is present on both sexes but much more conspicuous on males, the latter with a gland beneath ruff that produces yellowish oily substance with distinctive sweet, musky cinnamon smell. Pelage on chest and belly is grayish brown, sometimes with olive tinge, extending faintlyto base of forearms. Wing membranes are dark gray, index claw is present, and wing from sides of body attach to first toe. Skull lacks basicranial deflection. Laterally, rostrum is moderately deep; forehead slopes; orbits are medium-sized, with marked rim; braincase is rounded; zygomatic rootarises well above alveolar line; and zygoma is moderately strong and only slightly arched. Dorsally, rostrum is relatively wide; paranasal recesses are inflated, passing posteriorly the level of postorbital foramina; postorbital processes are short, posterolaterally directed; temporal lines join in a low but sharp sagittal crest; braincase is oval; and nuchalcrest is pronounced. Ventrally, palate is moderately wide and flat; postdental is long and slightly convergent posteriorly; palatine spine joins sphenoidal crest; and ectotympanic is small, wide, and anteriorly edged internally by long ectotympanic. Mandible is relatively deep; coronoid is tall and sloping, with wide tip; condyle is almost level with lower alveolar line; and angle is round and salient. Upper dentition is long; I' is spatulated; I* is reduced; C' is relatively large, stout, and decurved, with groove on its convex anterior-medial surface and secondary cusp in middle of inner edge; P' is minute; and posterior cheekteeth decrease in size posteriorly, from squarish to rectangular in outline, without accessory surface cusps. Lower dentition has small and bifid-crowned Ld absent); C, is relatively small and decurved, without accessory cusps; P| is mid-sized, with triangular, labiolingually wide crown; posterior cheekteeth are large and squarish, becoming smaller posteriorly, with rectangular outline and without surface cusps; and M,is peg-like. There are nine interdental palatine ridges that are arched and undivided and three almost straight, undivided post-dental ridges. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 56.	Widely distributed in forested areas from sea level up to elevations of¢. 1950 m . The Greater Musky Fruit Bat is abundant in primary forests and common in secondary forests and disturbed/degraded forest areas. It occurs less commonly in urban areas (e.g. parks in Manila ).	The Greater Musky Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous but also eats leaves and flower products. On Panay Island, fruit from 39 genera in 28 families were eaten. Flowers from four genera in four families and leaves from seven genera in five families were used as food. Leaves used are rich in protein and other nutrients and minerals but less so than control leaves of non-used species, but used species average less in deterrent compounds like phenols. Several feeding areas are visited with high fidelity each night in a predictable fashion, indicative of trap-lining feeding behavior. Individuals fly around fruiting trees and land briefly to pluck a single fruit, which is taken to a feeding roost located 10-50 m from the fruiting tree. Ripe fruit is detected by smell and is preferred over unripen fruit. Fruit is eaten and dry pellets dropped; fresh droppings from ten or more figs indicate that this foraging pattern is repeated throughout a night. Small fig seeds that are not parasitized by fig wasps survive digestion and are defecated intact.	The Greater Musky Fruit Bat is seasonally polyestrous, with postpartum estrus. Gestation lasts c¢.4 months. Females give birth to one offspring twice a year; less than 1% of pregnancies produce twins. Pregnant and lactating females are present in March-May and August—October. Up to five months of facultative post-implantation delay in early development (gastrulation) occurs only in primiparous females, so young females give birth only once in theirfirst year and are in synchrony with their second birth period of multiparous females. Lactation lasts ¢.3 months. Longevity is at least five years in the wild and predicted to extend up to eight years for ¢.5% of yearlings.	Each night males and females leave their day roosts and visit at least two small (less than 1 ha) foraging areas. They spend most of their time near productive feeding areas and commute among them. The Greater Musky Fruit Bat frequently flies over water and roosts in tree cavities in primary forests.	Based on radio-telemetry data from five males and five females, each followed for up to four months, the Greater Musky Fruit Bat mostly roosts alone. Small groups are reported from limestone cave entrances and under leaves of understory vegetation (e.g. Musa textilis, Musaceae ). They traveled 400-800 m /night between day roost and feeding areas. Day roost was located in a corner of an elongated home range that spanned 500-1300 m and was used from eight to at least 72 days. Changes in location occurred on average once a month, in response to depletion offruit resources and to minimize commuting; successive roosts were located within 600 m of previous roost in the forest inside. Home ranges of both sexes were 8-4-30-9 ha (mean 18-2 ha for males and 17-1 ha for females); home ranges included oneto several core foraging areas visited every night, each containing at least onefruiting tree and representing 18-55% of the home range. Pregnant females tend to occupy larger home ranges. Densities were 1-1-3-1 ind/ha (Negros Island).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although the population of the Greater Musky Fruit Bat might have declined due to ongoing land use change (deforestation), its population is presumably large, stable, and widely distributed in most Philippine faunal zones and individual islands, with fairly high levels of gene flow across islands. The Greater Musky Fruit Bat is the most frequently sampled species in many localities, and it is tolerant to disturbances such as forest conversion to cropland and rural urbanization.	Andersen (1912b) | Giannini & Simmons (2007a) | Heaney, Balete et al. (1998) | Heaney, Heideman et al. (1989) | Heaney, Tabaranza et al. (2006) | Heideman (1987) | Heideman & Heaney (1989) | Heideman & Powell (1998) | Jones, Bielby et al. (2009) | Luft (1998, 2002) | Luft et al. (2003) | Mudar & Allen (1986) | Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Heaney, Pedregosa, Paguntalan et al. (2008) | Reiter (2002a, 2002b) | Reiter & Curio (2001) | Reiter & Tomaschewski (2003) | Relox et al. (2014) | Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989) | Roberts (2006a)		13. Greater Musky Fruit Bat Ptenochirus jagorii French: Cynoptére de Jagor / German: GroRer Moschusflughund / Spanish: Ptenoquiro grande Taxonomy. Pachysoma (Plenochirus) jagorii Peters, 1861 , Daraga, Albay , Luzon, Philippines . This species is monotypic. Distribution. Philippines (except Palawan faunal region), also present in the Batanes /Babuyan faunal region ( Camiguin I) and the Greater Sulu faunal region (Bongao and Sanga-Sanga Is). Descriptive notes. Head-body 114- 127 mm , tail 6-18 mm , ear 18-25 mm , hindfoot 18-22 mm , forearm 76-91 mm ; weight 62-97 g. The Greater Musky Fruit Bat is medium-sized, with dark head. Adult males are slightly larger, with more conspicuous ruff than females. Head is large and wide. Muzzle is stout, with blackish brown skin; nostrils are shortly tubular and divergent; philtrum reaches upperlip, ending in two pads; two large triangular pads occur on lower lip; and both lips are lined with smaller pads. Eyes are mid-sized; iris is chestnut to reddish brown. Ears are moderately short, attenuated at tips and uniformly dark brown, and antitragus lobe is obsolescent. Head pelage is very short, generally very dark grayish brown, almost black; dorsum is grayish brown. Uropatagium and tail are well developed, and calcaris short. Ventrally, wide reddish to rusty brown ruff is present on both sexes but much more conspicuous on males, the latter with a gland beneath ruff that produces yellowish oily substance with distinctive sweet, musky cinnamon smell. Pelage on chest and belly is grayish brown, sometimes with olive tinge, extending faintlyto base of forearms. Wing membranes are dark gray, index claw is present, and wing from sides of body attach to first toe. Skull lacks basicranial deflection. Laterally, rostrum is moderately deep; forehead slopes; orbits are medium-sized, with marked rim; braincase is rounded; zygomatic rootarises well above alveolar line; and zygoma is moderately strong and only slightly arched. Dorsally, rostrum is relatively wide; paranasal recesses are inflated, passing posteriorly the level of postorbital foramina; postorbital processes are short, posterolaterally directed; temporal lines join in a low but sharp sagittal crest; braincase is oval; and nuchalcrest is pronounced. Ventrally, palate is moderately wide and flat; postdental is long and slightly convergent posteriorly; palatine spine joins sphenoidal crest; and ectotympanic is small, wide, and anteriorly edged internally by long ectotympanic. Mandible is relatively deep; coronoid is tall and sloping, with wide tip; condyle is almost level with lower alveolar line; and angle is round and salient. Upper dentition is long; I' is spatulated; I* is reduced; C' is relatively large, stout, and decurved, with groove on its convex anterior-medial surface and secondary cusp in middle of inner edge; P' is minute; and posterior cheekteeth decrease in size posteriorly, from squarish to rectangular in outline, without accessory surface cusps. Lower dentition has small and bifid-crowned Ld absent); C, is relatively small and decurved, without accessory cusps; P| is mid-sized, with triangular, labiolingually wide crown; posterior cheekteeth are large and squarish, becoming smaller posteriorly, with rectangular outline and without surface cusps; and M,is peg-like. There are nine interdental palatine ridges that are arched and undivided and three almost straight, undivided post-dental ridges. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 56. Habitat. Widely distributed in forested areas from sea level up to elevations of¢. 1950 m . The Greater Musky Fruit Bat is abundant in primary forests and common in secondary forests and disturbed/degraded forest areas. It occurs less commonly in urban areas (e.g. parks in Manila ). Food and Feeding. The Greater Musky Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous but also eats leaves and flower products. On Panay Island, fruit from 39 genera in 28 families were eaten. Flowers from four genera in four families and leaves from seven genera in five families were used as food. Leaves used are rich in protein and other nutrients and minerals but less so than control leaves of non-used species, but used species average less in deterrent compounds like phenols. Several feeding areas are visited with high fidelity each night in a predictable fashion, indicative of trap-lining feeding behavior. Individuals fly around fruiting trees and land briefly to pluck a single fruit, which is taken to a feeding roost located 10-50 m from the fruiting tree. Ripe fruit is detected by smell and is preferred over unripen fruit. Fruit is eaten and dry pellets dropped; fresh droppings from ten or more figs indicate that this foraging pattern is repeated throughout a night. Small fig seeds that are not parasitized by fig wasps survive digestion and are defecated intact. Breeding. The Greater Musky Fruit Bat is seasonally polyestrous, with postpartum estrus. Gestation lasts c¢.4 months. Females give birth to one offspring twice a year; less than 1% of pregnancies produce twins. Pregnant and lactating females are present in March-May and August—October. Up to five months of facultative post-implantation delay in early development (gastrulation) occurs only in primiparous females, so young females give birth only once in theirfirst year and are in synchrony with their second birth period of multiparous females. Lactation lasts ¢.3 months. Longevity is at least five years in the wild and predicted to extend up to eight years for ¢.5% of yearlings. Activity patterns. Each night males and females leave their day roosts and visit at least two small (less than 1 ha) foraging areas. They spend most of their time near productive feeding areas and commute among them. The Greater Musky Fruit Bat frequently flies over water and roosts in tree cavities in primary forests. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Based on radio-telemetry data from five males and five females, each followed for up to four months, the Greater Musky Fruit Bat mostly roosts alone. Small groups are reported from limestone cave entrances and under leaves of understory vegetation (e.g. Musa textilis, Musaceae ). They traveled 400-800 m /night between day roost and feeding areas. Day roost was located in a corner of an elongated home range that spanned 500-1300 m and was used from eight to at least 72 days. Changes in location occurred on average once a month, in response to depletion offruit resources and to minimize commuting; successive roosts were located within 600 m of previous roost in the forest inside. Home ranges of both sexes were 8-4-30-9 ha (mean 18-2 ha for males and 17-1 ha for females); home ranges included oneto several core foraging areas visited every night, each containing at least onefruiting tree and representing 18-55% of the home range. Pregnant females tend to occupy larger home ranges. Densities were 1-1-3-1 ind/ha (Negros Island). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although the population of the Greater Musky Fruit Bat might have declined due to ongoing land use change (deforestation), its population is presumably large, stable, and widely distributed in most Philippine faunal zones and individual islands, with fairly high levels of gene flow across islands. The Greater Musky Fruit Bat is the most frequently sampled species in many localities, and it is tolerant to disturbances such as forest conversion to cropland and rural urbanization. Bibliography. Andersen (1912b), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Heaney, Balete et al. (1998), Heaney, Heideman et al. (1989), Heaney, Tabaranza et al. (2006), Heideman (1987), Heideman & Heaney (1989), Heideman & Powell (1998), Jones, Bielby et al. (2009), Luft (1998, 2002), Luft et al. (2003), Mudar & Allen (1986), Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Heaney, Pedregosa, Paguntalan et al. (2008), Reiter (2002a, 2002b), Reiter & Curio (2001), Reiter & Tomaschewski (2003), Relox et al. (2014), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Roberts (2006a).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Ptenochirus jagorii	Ptenochirus		jagorii	Peters	1861	1	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1872:47:00	Greater Musky Fruit Bat	None.	Philippines, Luzon, Albay, Daraga.	Philippines except Palawan region.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Sometimes misspelled jagorii (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1992).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Ptenochirus jagorii	23	Greater Musky Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Ptenochirus	NA	jagorii	W. Peters	1861	1	Pachysoma_(Ptenochirus)_Jagorii	Peters, W. C. H. (1861). Ãœber die von Hrn. F. Jagor bisher auf Malacca, Borneo, Java und den Philippinen gesammeltenSäugethiere aus den Ordnungen der Halbaffen, Pelzflatterer und Flederthiere. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861, 707.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/118969#page/97/mode/1up	ZMB 2523		Daraga, Albay, Luzon, Philippines.			jagorii (W. Peters, 1861)	NA	NA	Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Ptenochirus_jagorii	0	sciname match	Ptenochirus_jagori	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18653	Ptenochirus jagori	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Ptenochirus	jagori	(Peters, 1861)		20000000	Ptenochirus jagori	Least Concern		2021	2020-12-15 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Ptenochirus jagori is assessed as Least Concern because it is a very common and widespread species that tolerates degraded habitats (including urban areas) to some extent. Its population is not thought to be declining at a rate that would qualify it for a threatened category.	This frugivorous tree and cave roosting species which occurs from sea level to at least 1,950 m is abundant in primary forest and common in secondary forest. Ptenochirus jagori is occasionally present in agricultural areas near forest and has been found in degraded habitats on Cebu and Negros; elsewhere it has been recorded from urban areas, including the suburbs of Manila and the campus of the University of the Philippines (L. Heaney pers. comm. 2008). In southern Negros, species density was estimated to be about 1-3 individuals per hectare (Heideman and Heaney 1989, Heaney et al. 2016)	There is no doubt that this species has declined due to forest loss, but overall it remains common and is not significantly threatened.	Although this is a widespread and abundant species with large populations, it has likely experienced low-level population declines due to forest loss. The species is most common in lowland forest, uncommon in montane forest, and usually absent in mossy forest (Heaney et al. 1989; Heideman and Heaney 1989; Ingle 1992, 1993; Lepiten 1995; Mudar and Allen 1986; Rickart et al. 1993). It is also common in secondary forest, often present in cropland and urban parks and residential areas (Heaney et al. 2010). The species is also relatively common in Ultramafic forest and mangrove forest (Duya et al. 2020). This was the second most frequently netted species during a 2001 study of three Department of Environment and Natural Resources managed reforestation sites on Siquijor Island (Jackosalem et al. unpublished paper). In a 2003 mist-net survey on Mount Apo, Mindanao, Ptenochirus jagori was uncommon in lower elevation mossy-montane forest that had been subjected to habitat alteration (Jackosalem et al. unpublished report).	Stable	The Greater Musky Fruit Bat is endemic to the Philippines, and occurs widely, except in the Batanes/Babuyan and Palawan Faunal Regions. It has been recorded from Biliran, Bohol, Bongao, Boracay, Caluya, Camiguin, Carabao, Catanduanes, Cebu, Dinagat, Guimaras, Guintarcan, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon (Abra, Albay, Aurora, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilin (Gonzalez), Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Viscaya, Pampanga, Bulacan, Pangasinan, La Union, Quezon, Quirino, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, and Zambales ), Marinduque, Maripipi, Masbate, Mindanao (Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Compostela Valley, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, and Zamboanga del Sur provinces), Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Polillo Islands, Samar, Sanga-sanga, Secuban, Semirara, Siargao, Sibay, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Tablas, Tandubas, and Ticao (L. Paguntalan pers. comm. 2006) (Alcala and Alviola 1970; Heaney et al. 1998, 2005). Its elevational range is 0–1,950 m asl (Heaney et al. 1998, 2005, 2010).	This species is hunted in some rural areas, with hunters using fish-hooks from lines near fruiting trees (Heaney et al. 2016)	Terrestrial	This species occurs in many protected areas. Additional research is needed on the species population status and trends, and threats.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Ptenochirus		jagorii	Peters	1861	1	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1872:47:00	Greater Musky Fruit Bat	None.	Philippines, Luzon, Albay, Daraga.	Philippines except Palawan region.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Sometimes misspelled jagorii (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1992).	Ptenochirus jagorii	1004385	23	Greater Musky Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	CYNOPTERINAE	CYNOPTERINI	Ptenochirus	NA	jagorii	W. Peters	1861	1	Pachysoma_(Ptenochirus)_Jagorii	Peters, W. C. H. (1861). Ãœber die von Hrn. F. Jagor bisher auf Malacca, Borneo, Java und den Philippinen gesammeltenSäugethiere aus den Ordnungen der Halbaffen, Pelzflatterer und Flederthiere. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861, 707.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/118969#page/97/mode/1up	ZMB 2523		Daraga, Albay, Luzon, Philippines.			jagorii (W. Peters, 1861)	NA	NA				Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Ptenochirus_jagorii	0	sciname match	Ptenochirus_jagori	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Ptenochirus_jagorii	1004385	23	Greater Musky Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Cynopterinae	Cynopterini	Ptenochirus	NA	jagorii	W. C. H. Peters	1	Pachysoma (Ptenochirus) Jagorii	Peters, W.C.H. 1861. Hr. W. Peters berichtet über die von Hrn. F. Jagor bisher auf Malacca, Borneo, Java und den Philippinen gesammelten Säugethiere aus den Ordnungen der Halbaffen, Pelzflatterer und Flederthiere. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1861:706-712.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38646574	ZMB 2523	holotype		Daraga, Albay, Luzon, Philippines.			NA	NA				Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Ptenochirus_jagorii	0	sciname match	Ptenochirus_jagori	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Ptenochirus		jagorii	Peters	1861	1	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1872:47:00	Greater Musky Fruit Bat	None.	Philippines, Luzon, Albay, Daraga.	Philippines except Palawan region.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18653/22071217/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Sometimes misspelled jagorii (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1992).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Ptenochirus jagori; Ptenochirus jagorii; Ptenochirus jagorii; Ptenochirus jagorii; Ptenochirus jagori; Ptenochirus jagorii; jagorii; Cynoptére de Jagor; Gro Rer Moschusflughund; Ptenoquiro grande; Greater Musky Fruit Bat; Greater Musky Fruit Bat; Greater Musky Fruit Bat; P. jagorii