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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1210	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	Plecotus taivanus	N/A	Plecotus taivanus	Plecotus taivanus	Plecotus taivanus	Plecotus taivanus	Plecotus taivanus	Plecotus taivanus	Plecotus taivanus	Plecotus taivanus	Plecotus taivanus	Plecotus taivanus		[MSW2] Most like homochrous and puck, here included in P. auritus.; [MSW3] Most similar to homochrous and puck, here included in auritus.; [HMW] Plecotus taivanus Yoshiyuki, 1991 , “Mt. An-ma Shan, at alt. 2,250 m , Hoping, Tai-chung Hsien,” central Taiwan . This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022]  auritus species group.; [batnames2023]  auritus species group.; [batnames2025_1.7] auritus species group.														taivanus				taivanus 	taivanus 			taivanus Yoshiyuki, 1991						N/A										Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Yoshiyuki	1991	Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, set. A(Zool.), 17:189.	Most like homochrous and puck, here included in P. auritus.	Taiwan.	Taiwan, Taichung Hsien, Hoping Hsiang, Mt. Anma Shan, 2250 m.																								NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Plecotini	Plecotus taivanus	Plecotus		taivanus	Yoshiyuki		1991		Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, ser. A(Zool.)	17		189		Taiwan Long-eared Bat	Taiwan, Taichung Hsien, Hoping Hsiang, Mt. Anma Shan, 2,250 m.	Taiwan.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.		Most similar to homochrous and puck, here included in auritus.	4C3D87E8FF906A2FFF8B9CEC17ABBDF3	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	868	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FF956A2AFA52975016DBBD32.xml	Plecotus taivanus	Vespertilionidae	Plecotus	taivanus	Yoshiyuki	1991	Oreillard de Taiwan @fr | Taiwan-Langohr @de | Orejudode Taiwan @es | Formosan Long-eared Bat @en | Taiwan Big-eared Bat @en | Taiwanese Long-eared Bat @en	Plecotus taivanus Yoshiyuki, 1991 , “Mt. An-ma Shan, at alt. 2,250 m , Hoping, Tai-chung Hsien,” central Taiwan . This species is monotypic.	Taiwan I.	Head-body 48-50 mm , tail 47-49 mm , ear 36-39 mm , hindfoot 9-11 mm , forearm 35-38 mm . One of the smallest species of Plecotus . Fur is long, with shorter hairs in mid-dorsal part of pelage, generally dark or blackish with pale brownish tips that provides a golden aspectto fur. Tragus generally long and broad, with remarkably big basal protuberance. Wings large and wide, adapted for slow flight, with unkeeled calcar, and tail completely enclosed in uropatagium. Thumb 6-1-6- 5 mm long. Skull more delicate than in congeners, with long, narrow rostrum, weak zygomatic arches, moderately broad braincase, short condylo-basal length (14-1-14- 7 mm ), and small bullae (4:1-4- 3 mm ). Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FNa = 50.	Holotype is from forest at elevation of 2250 m ,in central mountains of Taiwan .	No information.	No information.	Roosts in rock crevices, caves, mines, tunnels, buildings, and trees.	No information.	Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Mainly found in pristine forests, which are being destroyed. Habitat loss, together with limited range, makes the species very vulnerable.	Hsu (1997) | Lin Liangkong, Lee Lingling & Cheng Hsichi (1997) | Lin Liangkong, Motokawa & Harada (2002a) | Simmons (2005) | Smith & Xie Yan (2008) | Smith, Johnston, Jones & Rossiter (2008d) | Spitzenberger et al. (2006) | Wang Sung & Xie Yan (2004) | Yoshiyuki (1989, 1991b)	https://zenodo.org/record/6398312/files/figure.png	237. Taiwan Long-eared Bat Plecotus taivanus French: Oreillard de Taiwan / German: Taiwan-Langohr / Spanish: Orejudo de Taiwan Other common names: Formosan Long-eared Bat , Taiwan Big-eared Bat , Taiwanese Long-eared Bat Taxonomy. Plecotus taivanus Yoshiyuki, 1991 , “Mt. An-ma Shan, at alt. 2,250 m , Hoping, Tai-chung Hsien,” central Taiwan . This species is monotypic. Distribution. Taiwan I. Descriptive notes. Head-body 48-50 mm , tail 47-49 mm , ear 36-39 mm , hindfoot 9-11 mm , forearm 35-38 mm . One of the smallest species of Plecotus . Fur is long, with shorter hairs in mid-dorsal part of pelage, generally dark or blackish with pale brownish tips that provides a golden aspectto fur. Tragus generally long and broad, with remarkably big basal protuberance. Wings large and wide, adapted for slow flight, with unkeeled calcar, and tail completely enclosed in uropatagium. Thumb 6-1-6- 5 mm long. Skull more delicate than in congeners, with long, narrow rostrum, weak zygomatic arches, moderately broad braincase, short condylo-basal length (14-1-14- 7 mm ), and small bullae (4:1-4- 3 mm ). Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FNa = 50. Habitat. Holotype is from forest at elevation of 2250 m ,in central mountains of Taiwan . Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Roosts in rock crevices, caves, mines, tunnels, buildings, and trees. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Mainly found in pristine forests, which are being destroyed. Habitat loss, together with limited range, makes the species very vulnerable. Bibliography. Hsu (1997), Lin Liangkong, Lee Lingling & Cheng Hsichi (1997), Lin Liangkong, Motokawa & Harada (2002a), Simmons (2005), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Smith, Johnston, Jones & Rossiter (2008d), Spitzenberger et al. (2006), Wang Sung & Xie Yan (2004), Yoshiyuki (1989, 1991b).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Plecotus taivanus	Plecotus		taivanus	Yoshiyuki	1991	0	Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, ser. A(Zool.)	0.8396	Taiwan Long-eared Bat	None.	Taiwan, Taichung Hsien, Hoping Hsiang, Mt. Anma Shan, 2,250 m.	Taiwan.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	 auritus species group.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Plecotus taivanus	23	Taiwan Long-eared Bat	Formosan Long-eared Bat|Taiwan Big-eared Bat|Taiwanese Long-eared Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	PLECOTINI	Plecotus	NA	taivanus	Yoshiyuki	1991	0	Plecotus_taivanus	Yoshiyuki, M. (1991). A new species of Plecotus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo, Ser. A, 17, 189.	https://www.kahaku.go.jp/research/publication/zoology/download/17_4/BNSM170404.pdf	NSMT-M 29616		"Mt. An-ma Shan, at alt. 2,250 m, Ho-ping, Tai-chung Hsien," central Taiwan.			taivanus Yoshiyuki, 1991	NA	NA	Taiwan	Asia	Palearctic	NT	0	0	0	Plecotus_taivanus	0	sciname match	Plecotus_taivanus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	17601	Plecotus taivanus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Plecotus	taivanus	Yoshiyuki, 1991		20000000	Plecotus taivanus	Near Threatened	B1b(v)	2019	2018-08-27 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Near Threatened under criterion B as it occurs in the mountainous region of Taiwan, and hence its extent of occurrence is 17,647 km². It occurs in landscapes dominated by mature forest, and there has been deforestation within its range in the past. Although this threat seems to be decreasing, the population is potentially threatened by habitat fragmentation due to the well-developed road systems in its range and global climate changes due to its records mainly occurring at middle to high elevation within the island. Without additional information on the fragmentation and number of subpopulations, it can only qualify as Near Threatened.	This species is mainly recorded along trails and at edge of natural boreal-leave forest and mixed forest of boreal-leave tree and Japanese cider (Cryptomeria japonica ) at mid-elevation in the mountain area. These sites were often close to small streams or artificial ponds. It has been found roosting in cavity of an understory tree species, Alishan meliosma (Meliosma callicarpifolia ) (Chen 2011) with a colony size of up to four individuals (Cheng et al. 2015). In higher elevation of its range, pregnant females have been observed in February, March, and May, whereas lactating females are found through May to July (Chen 2011).	Deforestation has been suggested as a potential threat to this species since it was suspected to be restricted to primary forests although there is no longer significant ongoing deforestation at the mountain areas in Taiwan. Recent survey suggested this species was also common in the mixed forest comprised of native boreal-leave trees and Japanese Cider (Cryptomeria japonica ) and the ecotone of natural forests and plantations, indicating the distribution range of the species might be larger than previous thought. However, the development of road systems within its distribution range potentially increase the isolation among subpopulations. Climate change is another potential treat to this species because of its restricted, middle high elevational distribution.	This species is thought to be declining due to past deforestation within its range. Although the current population status is unclear, its distribution might be fragmented due to the well-developed road systems in part of its range.	Decreasing	This species is endemic to Taiwan (Cheng et al. 2015). The holotype was collected at an altitude of 2,250 m asl on Mount An-ma Shan, Tai-chung county (Yoshiyuki 1991). Its distribution ranges from 1,000 m to 2,800 m asl in mountain areas of the island, but most records are between 1,500 m - 2,500 m asl (H.-C. Cheng and C.-H. Chou unpublished data, H.-C. Kuo, S.-F. Chen, and S. Rossiter personal communication, May 2016).		Terrestrial	This species occurs in the Shei-Pa National Park (Cheng, H.-S. and Chou, C.-H. unpublished data) and maybe also other protect areas. Research is needed in the fields of population status, movement ecology, distribution, habitat status, and other potential threats (e.g. climate change and road system development).	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Plecotus		taivanus	Yoshiyuki	1991	0	Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, ser. A(Zool.)	0.839583	Taiwan Long-eared Bat	None.	Taiwan, Taichung Hsien, Hoping Hsiang, Mt. Anma Shan, 2,250 m.	Taiwan.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	 auritus species group.	Plecotus taivanus	1005675	23	Taiwan Long-eared Bat	Formosan Long-eared Bat|Taiwan Big-eared Bat|Taiwanese Long-eared Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	PLECOTINI	Plecotus	NA	taivanus	Yoshiyuki	1991	0	Plecotus_taivanus	Yoshiyuki, M. (1991). A new species of Plecotus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo, Ser. A, 17, 189.	https://www.kahaku.go.jp/research/publication/zoology/download/17_4/BNSM170404.pdf	NSMT-M 29616		"Mt. An-ma Shan, at alt. 2,250 m, Ho-ping, Tai-chung Hsien," central Taiwan.			taivanus Yoshiyuki, 1991	NA	NA				Taiwan	Asia	Palearctic	NT	0	0	0	Plecotus_taivanus	0	sciname match	Plecotus_taivanus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Plecotus_taivanus	1005675	23	Taiwan Long-eared Bat	Formosan Long-eared Bat|Taiwan Big-eared Bat|Taiwanese Long-eared Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Plecotini	Plecotus	NA	taivanus	Yoshiyuki	0	Plecotus taivanus	Yoshiyuki, M. 1991. A new species of _Plecotus_ (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo (A)17(4):189-195.	https://www.kahaku.go.jp/research/publication/zoology/download/17_4/BNSM170404.pdf	NSMT-M 29616	holotype		"Mt. An-ma Shan, at alt. 2,250 m, Ho-ping, Tai-chung Hsien," central Taiwan.			NA	NA				Taiwan	Asia	Palearctic	NT	0	0	0	Plecotus_taivanus	0	sciname match	Plecotus_taivanus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Plecotus		taivanus	Yoshiyuki	1991	0	Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, ser. A(Zool.)	0.839583	Taiwan Long-eared Bat	None.	Taiwan, Taichung Hsien, Hoping Hsiang, Mt. Anma Shan, 2,250 m.	Taiwan.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17601/21978172/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	auritus species group.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Plecotus taivanus; Plecotus taivanus; Plecotus taivanus; Plecotus taivanus; Plecotus taivanus; Plecotus taivanus; taivanus; Oreillard de Taiwan; Taiwan-Langohr; Orejudode Taiwan; Formosan Long-eared Bat; Taiwan Big-eared Bat; Taiwanese Long-eared Bat; Taiwan Long-eared Bat; Formosan Long-eared Bat; Taiwan Big-eared Bat; Taiwanese Long-eared Bat; Taiwan Long-eared Bat; Taiwan Long-eared Bat; P. taivanus