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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L13	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pipistrellus nanus	Pipistrellus nanus	Pipistrellus nanus	Pipistrellus nanus	N/A	Neoromicia nanus	Neoromicia nanus	Afronycteris nana	Afronycteris nanus	Neoromicia nana	Afronycteris nana	Afronycteris nanus	Afronycteris nanus	Afronycteris nanus	Afronycteris nanus		[MSW2] Subgenus Pipistrellus. The oldest name for this species is africanus; see Koopman (1975:400).; [MSW3] Usually placed in Pipistrellus or Hypsugo, but recently transferred to Neoromicia based on analyses of karyotype data (Kearney et al., 2002; Volleth et al., 2001). The oldest name for this species is africanus (see Koopman [1975], Meester et al. [1986], and Kock [2001b]), but the name nanus has been applied to this taxon extensively in the literature for many decades. A petition has been filed with the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to conserve nanus in place of africanus (M. Happold, pers. comm.) Pending a ruling of the International Commission, I follow Koopman (1993) in retaining the name nanus for this species in the interest of stability. Does not include helios, see comments under that species. May not include minusculus, culex, or fouriei; see Peterson (1987), who suggested in an abstract that these taxa and helios represent two distinct species, helios (no junior synonyms) and minusculus (including culex and fouriei). May not include pusillulus (here treated as a syononym of meesteri), see Kock et al. (2002). It is probable that africanus and nanus represent different subspecies, but their limits have yet to be evaluated, see Kock (2001b).; [HMW] Vespertilio nanus Peters, 1852 , Inhambane , Mozambique . Often treated in Pipistrellus , sometimes in a subgenus (typically Hypsugo or Pipistrellus ); due to its nyctalodont lower molars. This species might include a complex and clearly needs revision. Seven subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Previously included in Neoromicia ; see Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2003); Roehers et al. (2010) and Amador et al. (2016). Riccucci and Lanza (2009) corrected the name endings of masculine species epithets in Neoromicia ; nana (feminine) is the correct form of nanus (masculine), when combined with the feminine genus name Neoromicia . Fasel et al. (2020) present a key to separating males of this species from closely related genera in S Africa based on characters of the penis. Afronycteris is feminine (nycteris)and therefore the ending of nanus is changed to agree in gender similar to the siutation in Nycteris nana or Brachyphylla nana.; [MDD2022] moved from Neoromicia to the recently described Afronycteris; [IUCN] Kearney et al. (2002) states that nana belongs to the genus Neoromicia but nana also shares characteristics with Hypsugo and Pipistrellus (Monadjem et al. 2010b). As such, Helbig et al. (2010) suggest that nana needs to be transferred to a new genus entirely. Further research is needed to fix its generic assignment. While seven subspecies are postulated, their validity remains in question (ACR 2015). Some authorities consider africana as the oldest name for this species. However, in Decision 2120, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) ruled that the name Pipistrellus nanus (currently Neoromicia nana ) should be given precedence over africana , whenever the two are considered to be synonyms. There is a need for further molecular and taxonomic work to clarify the systematic status of specimens currently allocated to Neoromicia nana throughout much of the current range.; [batnames2023] Previously included in Neoromicia ; see Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2003); Roehers et al. (2010) and Amador et al. (2016). Riccucci and Lanza (2009) corrected the name endings of masculine species epithets in Neoromicia ; nana (feminine) is the correct form of nanus (masculine), when combined with the feminine genus name Neoromicia . Fasel et al. (2020) present a key to separating males of this species from closely related genera in S Africa based on characters of the penis. Afronycteris is feminine (nycteris)and therefore the ending of nanus is changed to agree in gender similar to the siutation in Nycteris nana or Brachyphylla nana.; [MDD2023] moved from Neoromicia to the recently described Afronycteris; the specific epithet has been suggested to be spelt 'nana' to match the generic gender, but 'nanus' is a noun, and does not change with the genus; [MDD2025_2.0] moved from Neoromicia to the recently described Afronycteris; the specific epithet has been suggested to be spelt 'nana' to match the generic gender, but 'nanus' is a noun, and does not change with the genus; [batnames2025_1.7] Previously included in Neoromicia; see Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2003); Roehers et al. (2010) and Amador et al. (2016). Fasel et al. (2020) present a key to separating males of this species from closely related genera in S Africa based on characters of the penis. Although Riccucci and Lanza (2009) corrected the name endings of masculine species epithets in Neoromicia, changing nanus (masculine) to nana (feminine), the epithet nanus (dwarf) is a noun in apposition and therefore the original spelling (nanus) is retained, even though Afronycteris is feminine.; [MDD2025_2.2] moved from Neoromicia to the recently described Afronycteris; the specific epithet has been suggested to be spelt 'nana' to match the generic gender, but 'nanus' is a noun, and does not change with the genus				africanus		abaensis, africanus, culex, fouriei, hellos, minusculus, pagenstecheri, pusillulus, stampflii.		nanus, culex, fouriei, meesteri, minusculus, stampflii	abaensis, africanus; meesteri - australis, pagenstecheri, pusillulus, pusillus	nanus, africana, culex, fouriei, meesteri, minuscula, stampflii		nanus, culex, fouriei, meesteri, minusculus, stampflii	nanus - abaensis, africanus; meesteri - australis, pagenstecheri, pusillulus, pusillus	africana, nanus, pusillulus , stampflii , pagenstecheri, pusillus, minusculus, culex, australis, abaensis, fouriei, meesteri	Kearney et al. (2002) states that nana belongs to the genus Neoromicia but nana also shares characteristics with Hypsugo and Pipistrellus (Monadjem et al. 2010b). As such, Helbig et al. (2010) suggest that nana needs to be transferred to a new genus entirely. Further research is needed to fix its generic assignment. While seven subspecies are postulated, their validity remains in question (ACR 2015). Some authorities consider africana as the oldest name for this species. However, in Decision 2120, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) ruled that the name Pipistrellus nanus (currently Neoromicia nana ) should be given precedence over africana , whenever the two are considered to be synonyms. There is a need for further molecular and taxonomic work to clarify the systematic status of specimens currently allocated to Neoromicia nana throughout much of the current range.	nanus, culex, fouriei, meesteri, minusculus, nanus, stampflii	nanus- abaensis, africanus; meesteri - australis, pagenstecheri, pusillulus, pusillus	africana, nana, pusillulus, stampflii, pagenstecheri, pusillus, minusculus, culex, australis, abaensis, fouriei, meesteri	africana, nanus, pusilla, pusillula, stampflii, pagenstecheri, pusilla, minuscula, culex, australis, abaensis, fouriei, meesteri, nana	culex, fouriei, meesteri, minusculus, nanus, stampflii	nanus - abaensis, africanus; meesteri - australis, pagenstecheri, pusillulus, pusillus	africana (Rüppell, 1842)|nanus (W. C. H. Peters, 1851)|pusilla (Le Conte, 1857)|pusillula (W. C. H. Peters, 1870)|stampflii (Jentink, 1888)|pagenstecheri (Noack, 1889)|pusilla (Noack, 1889) [preoccupied]|minuscula (G. S. Miller, 1900)|culex (O. Thomas, 1911)|australis (A. Roberts, 1913) [preoccupied]|abaensis (J. A. Allen in J. A. Allen, Lang, & Chapin, 1917)|fouriei (O. Thomas, 1926)|meesteri (Kock, 2001) [nomen novum]|nana (Monadjem, M. C. Schoeman, Reside, Pio, S. Stoffberg, Bayliss, Cotterill, Curran, Kopp, & P. J. Taylor, 2010) [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Banana bat	Sierra Leone – Somalia – S Africa, Madagascar	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pipistrellus nanus	Mozambique, Inhambane.	Peters	1852	Reise nach Mossambique, Saugethiere, p. 63.			Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Banana bat	Sierra Leone – Somalia – S Africa; Madagascar	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Peters	1852	Reise nach Mossambique, Saugethiere, p. 63.	Subgenus Pipistrellus. The oldest name for this species is africanus; see Koopman (1975:400).	South Africa to Ethiopia, Sudan, Niger, Mali, and Senegal; Madagascar; Pemba and Zanzibar.	Mozambique, Inhambane.																								_A. n. culex_ (Thomas, 1911); _A. n. fouriei_ (Thomas, 1926); _A. n. meesteri_ (Kock, 2001) (synonyms: _australis_ (Roberts, 1913)); _A. n. minuscula_ (Miller, 1900); _A. n. nanus_ (Peters, 1851) (synonyms: _abaensis_ (Allen, 1917), _africana_ (Rüppell, 1842), _pagenstecheri_ (Noack, 1889), _pusilla_ (Le Conte, 1857), _pusilla_ (Noack, 1889), _pusillula_ (Peters, 1870)); _A. n. stampflii_ (Jentink, 1888)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Vespertilionini	Neoromicia nanus	Neoromicia		nanus	Peters	y	1852		Reise nach Mossambique, Säugethier			63		Banana Pipistrelle	Mozambique, Inhambane.	South Africa to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Niger, Mali, and Senegal; Madagascar; Pemba and Zanzibar.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as Pipistrellus nanus.	abaensis J. A. Allen, 1917; africanus Rüppell, 1842; culex Thomas, 1911; fouriei Thomas, 1926; meesteri Kock, 2001 [replacement name for australis Roberts, 1913]; australis Roberts, 1913 [not Miller, 1897]; pagenstecheri Noack, 1889; pusillulus Peters, 1870; pusillus LeConte, 1857 [not Schinz, 1840, or Noack, 1889]; pusillus Noack, 1889 [not Schinz, 1840, or LeConte, 1857]; minusculus Miller, 1900; stampflii Jentink, 1888.	Usually placed in Pipistrellus or Hypsugo, but recently transferred to Neoromicia based on analyses of karyotype data (Kearney et al., 2002; Volleth et al., 2001). The oldest name for this species is africanus (see Koopman [1975], Meester et al. [1986], and Kock [2001b]), but the name nanus has been applied to this taxon extensively in the literature for many decades. A petition has been filed with the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to conserve nanus in place of africanus (M. Happold, pers. comm.) Pending a ruling of the International Commission, I follow Koopman (1993) in retaining the name nanus for this species in the interest of stability. Does not include helios, see comments under that species. May not include minusculus, culex, or fouriei; see Peterson (1987), who suggested in an abstract that these taxa and helios represent two distinct species, helios (no junior synonyms) and minusculus (including culex and fouriei). May not include pusillulus (here treated as a syononym of meesteri), see Kock et al. (2002). It is probable that africanus and nanus represent different subspecies, but their limits have yet to be evaluated, see Kock (2001b).	4C3D87E8FFC46A04FA8293C11ACBB1B7	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	821	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFC46A04FA8293C11ACBB1B7.xml	Neoromicia nanus	Vespertilionidae	Neoromicia	nanus		1851	Vespére naine @fr | Bananen-Zwergfledermaus @de | Neoromicia enana @es | Banana Bat @en | Banana Pipistrelle @en | Banana Pipistrelle Bat @en	Vespertilio nanus Peters, 1852 , Inhambane , Mozambique . Often treated in Pipistrellus , sometimes in a subgenus (typically Hypsugo or Pipistrellus ); due to its nyctalodont lower molars. This species might include a complex and clearly needs revision. Seven subspecies recognized.	N.n.nanusPeters,1852—DRCongo,Kenya,andTanzaniaStoSouthAfrica;alsoinCameroon. N.n.africanaRuppell,1842—EthiopiaStoDRCongo,mainlyinthehighlands. N.n.culexThomas,1911—GhanaandNigeria. N.n.fourieiThomas,1926—SAngola,WZambia,andNNamibia. N.n.meester:Kock,2001—formerTranskei,ESouthAfrica. N.n.minusculaG.S.Miller,1900—Liberia. N. n. stampfliiJentink, 1888 — Sierra Leone to Ivory Coast . The assignment of specimens from Sudan , South Sudan , and Somalia is uncertain. Also present in Senegal , Mali , and Niger , subspecies unknown.	Head-body ¢.40-44 mm, tail 24-40 mm, ear 7-13 mm, hindfoot 5-9 mm, forearm 25-35 mm; weight 2-5-6-5 g. Females average larger than males. Size increases from Sierra Leone to Cameroon . Pelage of the Banana Serotine is soft, dense, and fairy fluffy, with silky sheen; dorsally chocolate-brown or sepia, usually with golden sheen (hairs with basal one-half blackish brown, terminal one-half chocolate or sepia, usually golden brown at tip; mid-dorsal hairs ¢. 5 mm long); ventrally dark grayish buff (hairs blackish brown at base, grayish buff at tip). Wings are blackish brown, without white hind border; interfemoral membrane is blackish brown, sometimes with posterior margin pale or white. Ears are blackish brown, short compared to congeners, subtriangular, and with rounded tip; outer margin has lobule at base inconspicuous or missing; tragus is about one-half ear length;it is broadest well above mid-height, and hatched-shaped, with anterior margin slightly or distinctly concave; posterior margin forms obtuse-angle bend just above mid-height; no basal lobe; tip is narrow and rounded. Thumb and hindfoot are very small, with friction pad on wrist and sole. Skull very variable in size, but small compared to other African pipistrelle-like bats (greatest skull lengths 10-12-6 mm); braincase is normally high and of medium relative breadth; interorbital region has medium relative breadth; rostrum is on average relatively short and narrow; and profile of forehead is strongly concave, without occipital helmet. I? is usually bicuspid, sometimes unicuspid; I is at least one-half height of I?, and often reaches posterior cusp of I?; P* is medium-sized, somewhat lingually displaced; C! and P* are not in contact; lower molars are nyctalodont. Dental formulais12/3,C1/1,P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 34. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FNa = 50. Data from Senegal of 2n = 34, FNa = 50, and FN = 54 suggest that may be taxonomically distinct.	Diverse forest and savanna habitats, and desert steppe, from sea level to 2500 m . The Banana Serotine may depend on musaceous plants for roosts, being apparently restricted to habitats warm and moist enough to allow these plants to grow.	In Malawi , forages by slow hawking in moderately uncluttered places such as clearings, gaps between trees, and around tree canopies. It forages acrobatically. Prey volume percentages at Umbilo River, eastern South Africa , during summer were (mean + SD): Diptera (43:6 + 17-4), Hemiptera (34-6 + 14-1), Trichoptera (19-6 + 6-8), and Lepidoptera (2-3 + 1-4); and during winter: Lepidoptera (36-4 + 2.5), Diptera (29:5 = 3-7), Hemiptera (19:1 = 7-3), Trichoptera (12 + 7-2), and Coleoptera (3-2 = 0-9).	Littersize is invariably two in Zimbabwe , Malawi , and Zambia ; females with one or two embryos have been recorded from South Africa , Namibia , DR Congo , Gabon , Ghana , and Liberia (females with only one young might have given birth to twins and lost one). Thought to be seasonal monoestrous. In Mpumalanga Province , northeastern South Africa , spermatogenesis began in late September and spermatozoa were present in the caudae epididymides from late April through to August. Mating started in May and ovulation and fertilization occurred from early August, concomitantly with the first implantations. Parturition occurred from late October to late November. Lactating females were found until mid-January, c.1 month earlier than in Malawi . Five lactating females were captured at the end of November at Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, east-central Tanzania . Mating groups consist of a single male and several females, but cannot be considered as harems. Neonates are naked, eyes closed, and weigh c. 1 g ; detached neonates make vocalizations but do not appear to echolocate; in third week, they echolocate and are capable of efficient cursorial scuttling over horizontal and sloping surfaces; in seventh week, deciduous dentition begins to be replaced; in ninth week, diet already includes insects but also milk, and young are just volant; weaning occurs at ¢.8-9 weeks. Sex ratio at birth is 1:1.	Foraging begins at dusk and individuals return to their furled leaves just before sunrise. The Banana Serotine is most active in the first five hours after sunset, activity declining rapidly after midnight. It roosts by day in furled leaves of domestic bananas and plantain plants of Musa spp. , wild bananas Ensete (both Musaceae ), and Strelitzia nicolai ( Strelitziaceae ). Individuals become torpid during the day during the cool, dry season; in hot, wet season, only a few become torpid. Aspect ratio is low, wing loading very low, and flight slow and high maneuverable in confined spaces, faster and very agile in open spaces; bats can take off from ground, and are moderately efficient in cursorial locomotion on ground, and climbing on sloping surfaces;friction pads present on the wrists and hindfeetfacilitate climbing on banana leaves. Aggregated data from Swaziland and Durban give: maximum frequencies of 74-4-80-9 kHz, minimum frequencies 64-9-71-8 kHz, frequencies of the knee 66-1-75-1 kHz, characteristic frequencies 65-4-72-2 kHz, and durations 2-4-3-6 milliseconds. In western Uganda (mean + SD): minimum frequency of 71-1 + 6 kHz, maximum frequency 98-9 + 4-8 kHz, characteristic frequency 79-8 + 8-2 kHz, frequency of the knee 84-9 + 7-1 kHz, and duration 1-1 + 0-1 milliseconds. In Aberdare Range in Kenya , peak frequencies of 63-69-9 kHz, maximum frequencies 69:6—-117-9 kHz, and minimum frequencies 59-8-66-9 kHz. Potential predators include the opisthoglyphe savanna vine snake (Thelotornis capensis ) and the bat hawk (Macheiramphus alcinus); predation by a grey-headed bush-shrike (Malaconotus blanchoti) was observed; and one bat was found dead in a spider web.	The Banana Serotine has a relatively small home range of ¢. 300 m around the roost. Where separate banana plantations may be apart, individuals may maintain at least two roost ranges, and alternate between them. In South Africa , adult males have been reported to roost singly or in labile groups of 1-6 adult males and 1-8 adult females without young. About one-third of banded bats are recaptured, suggesting they may be sedentary. The species usesterritorial calls, possibly with a courtship function, consisting of a simple syllable-type in series.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List (as N. nana). Due to its use of banana leaves for day roosts,this is one of the few species that is benefited with the conversion of natural habitats into subsistence farms and villages.	ACR (2017) | Bernard et al. (1997) | Coghlan (2001) | Eisenring et al. (2016) | Happold, D.C.D. (2001) | Happold, D.C.D. & Happold (1988, 1996) | Happold, M. (2013r) | Hill, J.E.& Harrison (1987) | Hill, K.et al. (2016) | ICZN (2005) | Kearney et al. (2002) | Keeley & Keeley (2004) | Koopman (1965, 1975, 1993) | Koubinova et al. (2013) | LaVal & LaVal (1977) | McCracken & Wilkinson (2000) | Menu (1987) | van der Merwe & Stirnemann(2007) | Monadjem, Ellstrom et al. (2010) | Monadjem, Rasmussen & van der Made (2011) | Monadjem, Shapiro et al. (2017) | Naidoo, Mackey & Schoeman (2011) | Manga Mongombe (2012) | Naidoo, Schoeman etal. (2009) | Naidoo, Vosloo & Schoeman (2013a, 2013b, 2015, 2016) | Perret & Aellen (1956) | Peterson (1987) | Peterson & Nagorsen (1975) | Rautenbach et al. (1993) | Rosevear (1965) | Ripell (1842) | Schoeman & Waddington (2011) | Simmons (2005) | Taylor, Monadjem & Steyn (2013) | Taylor, Sowler et al. (2013) | Trentin & Rovero (2011) | Volleth et al. (2001)	https://zenodo.org/record/6398037/files/figure.png	126. Banana Serotine Neoromicia nanus French: Vespére naine / German: Bananen-Zwergfledermaus / Spanish: Neoromicia enana Other common names: Banana Bat , Banana Pipistrelle , Banana Pipistrelle Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio nanus Peters, 1852 , Inhambane , Mozambique . Often treated in Pipistrellus , sometimes in a subgenus (typically Hypsugo or Pipistrellus ); due to its nyctalodont lower molars. This species might include a complex and clearly needs revision. Seven subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. N.n.nanusPeters,1852—DRCongo,Kenya,andTanzaniaStoSouthAfrica;alsoinCameroon. N.n.africanaRuppell,1842—EthiopiaStoDRCongo,mainlyinthehighlands. N.n.culexThomas,1911—GhanaandNigeria. N.n.fourieiThomas,1926—SAngola,WZambia,andNNamibia. N.n.meester:Kock,2001—formerTranskei,ESouthAfrica. N.n.minusculaG.S.Miller,1900—Liberia. N. n. stampfliiJentink, 1888 — Sierra Leone to Ivory Coast . The assignment of specimens from Sudan , South Sudan , and Somalia is uncertain. Also present in Senegal , Mali , and Niger , subspecies unknown. Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.40-44 mm, tail 24-40 mm, ear 7-13 mm, hindfoot 5-9 mm, forearm 25-35 mm; weight 2-5-6-5 g. Females average larger than males. Size increases from Sierra Leone to Cameroon . Pelage of the Banana Serotine is soft, dense, and fairy fluffy, with silky sheen; dorsally chocolate-brown or sepia, usually with golden sheen (hairs with basal one-half blackish brown, terminal one-half chocolate or sepia, usually golden brown at tip; mid-dorsal hairs ¢. 5 mm long); ventrally dark grayish buff (hairs blackish brown at base, grayish buff at tip). Wings are blackish brown, without white hind border; interfemoral membrane is blackish brown, sometimes with posterior margin pale or white. Ears are blackish brown, short compared to congeners, subtriangular, and with rounded tip; outer margin has lobule at base inconspicuous or missing; tragus is about one-half ear length;it is broadest well above mid-height, and hatched-shaped, with anterior margin slightly or distinctly concave; posterior margin forms obtuse-angle bend just above mid-height; no basal lobe; tip is narrow and rounded. Thumb and hindfoot are very small, with friction pad on wrist and sole. Skull very variable in size, but small compared to other African pipistrelle-like bats (greatest skull lengths 10-12-6 mm); braincase is normally high and of medium relative breadth; interorbital region has medium relative breadth; rostrum is on average relatively short and narrow; and profile of forehead is strongly concave, without occipital helmet. I? is usually bicuspid, sometimes unicuspid; I is at least one-half height of I?, and often reaches posterior cusp of I?; P* is medium-sized, somewhat lingually displaced; C! and P* are not in contact; lower molars are nyctalodont. Dental formulais12/3,C1/1,P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 34. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FNa = 50. Data from Senegal of 2n = 34, FNa = 50, and FN = 54 suggest that may be taxonomically distinct. Habitat. Diverse forest and savanna habitats, and desert steppe, from sea level to 2500 m . The Banana Serotine may depend on musaceous plants for roosts, being apparently restricted to habitats warm and moist enough to allow these plants to grow. Food and Feeding. In Malawi , forages by slow hawking in moderately uncluttered places such as clearings, gaps between trees, and around tree canopies. It forages acrobatically. Prey volume percentages at Umbilo River, eastern South Africa , during summer were (mean + SD): Diptera (43:6 + 17-4), Hemiptera (34-6 + 14-1), Trichoptera (19-6 + 6-8), and Lepidoptera (2-3 + 1-4); and during winter: Lepidoptera (36-4 + 2.5), Diptera (29:5 = 3-7), Hemiptera (19:1 = 7-3), Trichoptera (12 + 7-2), and Coleoptera (3-2 = 0-9). Breeding. Littersize is invariably two in Zimbabwe , Malawi , and Zambia ; females with one or two embryos have been recorded from South Africa , Namibia , DR Congo , Gabon , Ghana , and Liberia (females with only one young might have given birth to twins and lost one). Thought to be seasonal monoestrous. In Mpumalanga Province , northeastern South Africa , spermatogenesis began in late September and spermatozoa were present in the caudae epididymides from late April through to August. Mating started in May and ovulation and fertilization occurred from early August, concomitantly with the first implantations. Parturition occurred from late October to late November. Lactating females were found until mid-January, c.1 month earlier than in Malawi . Five lactating females were captured at the end of November at Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, east-central Tanzania . Mating groups consist of a single male and several females, but cannot be considered as harems. Neonates are naked, eyes closed, and weigh c. 1 g ; detached neonates make vocalizations but do not appear to echolocate; in third week, they echolocate and are capable of efficient cursorial scuttling over horizontal and sloping surfaces; in seventh week, deciduous dentition begins to be replaced; in ninth week, diet already includes insects but also milk, and young are just volant; weaning occurs at ¢.8-9 weeks. Sex ratio at birth is 1:1. Activity patterns. Foraging begins at dusk and individuals return to their furled leaves just before sunrise. The Banana Serotine is most active in the first five hours after sunset, activity declining rapidly after midnight. It roosts by day in furled leaves of domestic bananas and plantain plants of Musa spp. , wild bananas Ensete (both Musaceae ), and Strelitzia nicolai ( Strelitziaceae ). Individuals become torpid during the day during the cool, dry season; in hot, wet season, only a few become torpid. Aspect ratio is low, wing loading very low, and flight slow and high maneuverable in confined spaces, faster and very agile in open spaces; bats can take off from ground, and are moderately efficient in cursorial locomotion on ground, and climbing on sloping surfaces;friction pads present on the wrists and hindfeetfacilitate climbing on banana leaves. Aggregated data from Swaziland and Durban give: maximum frequencies of 74-4-80-9 kHz, minimum frequencies 64-9-71-8 kHz, frequencies of the knee 66-1-75-1 kHz, characteristic frequencies 65-4-72-2 kHz, and durations 2-4-3-6 milliseconds. In western Uganda (mean + SD): minimum frequency of 71-1 + 6 kHz, maximum frequency 98-9 + 4-8 kHz, characteristic frequency 79-8 + 8-2 kHz, frequency of the knee 84-9 + 7-1 kHz, and duration 1-1 + 0-1 milliseconds. In Aberdare Range in Kenya , peak frequencies of 63-69-9 kHz, maximum frequencies 69:6—-117-9 kHz, and minimum frequencies 59-8-66-9 kHz. Potential predators include the opisthoglyphe savanna vine snake (Thelotornis capensis ) and the bat hawk (Macheiramphus alcinus); predation by a grey-headed bush-shrike (Malaconotus blanchoti) was observed; and one bat was found dead in a spider web. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Banana Serotine has a relatively small home range of ¢. 300 m around the roost. Where separate banana plantations may be apart, individuals may maintain at least two roost ranges, and alternate between them. In South Africa , adult males have been reported to roost singly or in labile groups of 1-6 adult males and 1-8 adult females without young. About one-third of banded bats are recaptured, suggesting they may be sedentary. The species usesterritorial calls, possibly with a courtship function, consisting of a simple syllable-type in series. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List (as N. nana). Due to its use of banana leaves for day roosts,this is one of the few species that is benefited with the conversion of natural habitats into subsistence farms and villages. Bibliography. ACR (2017), Bernard et al. (1997), Coghlan (2001), Eisenring et al. (2016), Happold, D.C.D. (2001), Happold, D.C.D. & Happold (1988, 1996), Happold, M. (2013r), Hill, J.E.& Harrison (1987), Hill, K.et al. (2016), ICZN (2005), Kearney et al. (2002), Keeley & Keeley (2004), Koopman (1965, 1975, 1993), Koubinova et al. (2013), LaVal & LaVal (1977), McCracken & Wilkinson (2000), Menu (1987), van der Merwe & Stirnemann(2007), Monadjem, Ellstrom et al. (2010), Monadjem, Rasmussen & van der Made (2011), Monadjem, Shapiro et al. (2017), Naidoo, Mackey & Schoeman (2011), Manga Mongombe (2012), Naidoo, Schoeman etal. (2009), Naidoo, Vosloo & Schoeman (2013a, 2013b, 2015, 2016), Perret & Aellen (1956), Peterson (1987), Peterson & Nagorsen (1975), Rautenbach et al. (1993), Rosevear (1965), Ripell (1842), Schoeman & Waddington (2011), Simmons (2005), Taylor, Monadjem & Steyn (2013), Taylor, Sowler et al. (2013), Trentin & Rovero (2011), Volleth et al. (2001).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Afronycteris nana	Afronycteris		nana	Peters	1852	1	Reise nach Mossambique, S&auml;ugethier	p. 63	Banana Serotine	 abaensis J. A. Allen, 1917; africanus R&uuml;ppell, 1842; <b>culex</b> Thomas, 1911; <b> fouriei </b> Thomas, 1926; <b>meesteri</b> Kock, 2001 [replacement name for australis Roberts, 1913]; australis Roberts, 1913 [not Miller, 1897]; pagenstecheri Noack, 1889; pusillulus Peters, 1870; pusillus LeConte, 1857 [not Schinz, 1840, or Noack, 1889]; pusillus Noack, 1889 [not Schinz, 1840, or LeConte, 1857]; <b> minusculus </b> Miller, 1900; <b>stampflii </b> Jentink, 1888.	Mozambique, Inhambane.	South Africa to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Niger, Mali, and Senegal; Madagascar; Pemba and Zanzibar.	Not listed.	Least Concern as Neoromicia nana 	Previously included in Neoromicia ; see Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2003); Roehers et al. (2010) and Amador et al. (2016). Riccucci and Lanza (2009) corrected the name endings of masculine species epithets in Neoromicia ; nana (feminine) is the correct form of nanus (masculine), when combined with the feminine genus name Neoromicia . Fasel et al. (2020) present a key to separating males of this species from closely related genera in S Africa based on characters of the penis. Afronycteris is feminine (nycteris)and therefore the ending of nanus is changed to agree in gender similar to the siutation in Nycteris nana or Brachyphylla nana.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Afronycteris nanus	23	Banana Serotine	Banana Bat|Banana Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Afronycteris	NA	nanus	W. Peters	1852	1	Vespertilio_nanus	Peters, W. C. H. (1852). Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique, auf Befehl seiner Majestät des Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IV. in den Jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgeführt. Berlin, 63.		BM 1907.1.1.421, BM 1907.1.1.422, ZMB 588 [syntypes]		Inhambane, Mozambique.			africana (Rüppell, 1842)|nanus (W. Peters, 1852) [conserved as the name for this species ICZN 2005, Opinion 2120]|pusillulus (W. Peters, 1870)|stampflii (Jentink, 1888)|pagenstecheri (Noack, 1889)|pusillus (Noack, 1889)|minusculus (G. S. Miller, 1900)|culex (O. Thomas, 1911)|australis (Roberts, 1913)|abaensis (J. A. Allen, 1917)|fouriei (O. Thomas, 1926)|meesteri (Kock, 2001)	moved from Neoromicia to the recently described Afronycteris	Monadjem, A., Demos, T. C., Dalton, D. L., Webala, P. W., Musila, S., Kerbis Peterhans, J. C., & Patterson, B. D. (2020). A revision of the pipistrelle-like bats (Mammali: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, zlaa087.	Senegal|Gambia|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Côte d'Ivoire|Burkina Faso|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Mali|Niger|Nigeria|Cameroon|Equatorial Guinea|Gabon|Chad|Central African Republic|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Sudan|South Sudan|Eritrea|Ethiopia|Somalia|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Burundi|Tanzania|Angola|Zambia|Malawi|Mozambique|Namibia|Botswana|Zimbabwe|South Africa|Eswatini|Lesotho?	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Neoromicia_nanus	1	oldname match	Neoromicia_nanus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	44923	Neoromicia nana	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Neoromicia	nana	(Peters, 1852)	Kearney et al. (2002) states that nana belongs to the genus Neoromicia but nana also shares characteristics with Hypsugo and Pipistrellus (Monadjem et al. 2010b). As such, Helbig et al. (2010) suggest that nana needs to be transferred to a new genus entirely. Further research is needed to fix its generic assignment. While seven subspecies are postulated, their validity remains in question (ACR 2015). Some authorities consider africana as the oldest name for this species. However, in Decision 2120, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) ruled that the name Pipistrellus nanus (currently Neoromicia nana ) should be given precedence over africana , whenever the two are considered to be synonyms. There is a need for further molecular and taxonomic work to clarify the systematic status of specimens currently allocated to Neoromicia nana throughout much of the current range.	20000000	Neoromicia nana	Least Concern		2017	2016-08-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	This species has been recorded from a wide variety of habitats. It has been reported from both lowland and montane tropical moist forest, dry and moist savanna, and similar wooded areas. They appear to be particularly common in localities with some banana plants (Skinner and Chimimba 2005). The rolled up, terminal, leaves of these plants are frequently used as roosting sites, although the species has also been recorded in roofs and in thatch of rural huts (Skinner and Smithers 1990; Taylor 2000). Animals usually roost singly or as small colonies of two to six individuals (Skinner and Chimimba 2005).	There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and seemingly adaptable species.	Probably not uncommon in suitable habitats (Happold 1987).	Unknown	This bat is widely distributed throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa. It ranges from Senegal in the west, through West and Central Africa, to Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia in the east; from here it is found southwards to southeastern South Africa. The species has been recorded from Madagascar, where it has only been reported from the Kirindy CFPF forest in western Madagascar, and from Zombitse (Rasolozaka 1994). Bates et al. (2006), recommend that the identity of the specimens from Madagascar need to be reviewed. It appears to be absent, or largely absent, from northern Kenya, Namibia, southern Botswana, western Zimbabwe, northern Mozambique, Lesotho and much of South Africa. It is possible that the species ranges more widely in these areas than is currently known, and further field studies are needed to investigate the distribution of the species.		Terrestrial	In view of the species wide range it is likely that it is present in many protected areas. Further research is needed into the taxonomy of this species.	Afrotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Afronycteris		nana	Peters	1852	1	Reise nach Mossambique, S&auml;ugethier	p. 63	Banana Serotine	 abaensis J. A. Allen, 1917; africanus R&uuml;ppell, 1842; <b>culex</b> Thomas, 1911; <b> fouriei </b> Thomas, 1926; <b>meesteri</b> Kock, 2001 [replacement name for australis Roberts, 1913]; australis Roberts, 1913 [not Miller, 1897]; pagenstecheri Noack, 1889; pusillulus Peters, 1870; pusillus LeConte, 1857 [not Schinz, 1840, or Noack, 1889]; pusillus Noack, 1889 [not Schinz, 1840, or LeConte, 1857]; <b> minusculus </b> Miller, 1900; <b>stampflii </b> Jentink, 1888.	Mozambique, Inhambane.	South Africa to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Niger, Mali, and Senegal; Madagascar; Pemba and Zanzibar.	Not listed.	Least Concern as Neoromicia nana 	Previously included in Neoromicia ; see Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2003); Roehers et al. (2010) and Amador et al. (2016). Riccucci and Lanza (2009) corrected the name endings of masculine species epithets in Neoromicia ; nana (feminine) is the correct form of nanus (masculine), when combined with the feminine genus name Neoromicia . Fasel et al. (2020) present a key to separating males of this species from closely related genera in S Africa based on characters of the penis. Afronycteris is feminine (nycteris)and therefore the ending of nanus is changed to agree in gender similar to the siutation in Nycteris nana or Brachyphylla nana.	Afronycteris nanus	1005700	23	Banana Serotine	Banana Bat|Banana Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Afronycteris	NA	nanus	W. Peters	1852	1	Vespertilio_nanus	Peters, W. C. H. (1852). Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique, auf Befehl seiner Majestät des Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IV. in den Jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgeführt. Berlin, 63.		BM 1907.1.1.421, BM 1907.1.1.422, ZMB 588 [syntypes]		Inhambane, Mozambique.			africana (Rüppell, 1842)|nana (W. Peters, 1852) [conserved as the name for this species ICZN 2005, Opinion 2120]|pusillulus (W. Peters, 1870)|stampflii (Jentink, 1888)|pagenstecheri (Noack, 1889)|pusillus (Noack, 1889)|minusculus (G. S. Miller, 1900)|culex (O. Thomas, 1911)|australis (Roberts, 1913)|abaensis (J. A. Allen, 1917)|fouriei (O. Thomas, 1926)|meesteri (Kock, 2001)	moved from Neoromicia to the recently described Afronycteris; the specific epithet has been suggested to be spelt 'nana' to match the generic gender, but 'nanus' is a noun, and does not change with the genus	Monadjem, A., Demos, T. C., Dalton, D. L., Webala, P. W., Musila, S., Kerbis Peterhans, J. C., & Patterson, B. D. (2020). A revision of the pipistrelle-like bats (Mammali: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, zlaa087.				Senegal|Gambia|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Côte d'Ivoire|Burkina Faso|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Mali|Niger|Nigeria|Cameroon|Equatorial Guinea|Gabon|Chad|Central African Republic|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Sudan|South Sudan|Eritrea|Ethiopia|Somalia|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Burundi|Tanzania|Angola|Zambia|Malawi|Mozambique|Namibia|Botswana|Zimbabwe|South Africa|Eswatini|Lesotho?	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Neoromicia_nanus	1	oldname match	Neoromicia_nanus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Afronycteris_nanus	1005700	23	Banana Serotine	Banana Bat|Banana Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Vespertilionini	Afronycteris	NA	nanus	W. C. H. Peters	1	Vesperugo nanus	Peters, W.C.H. 1851. Hr. Peters legte von seinem Werke über Mossambique die erste Abtheilung der Säugethiere vor, und gab die Diagnosen der darin beschriebenen und abgebildeten neuen Arten. Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1851:756-759.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11056772	BMNH:Mamm:1907.1.4.421, BMNH:Mamm:1907.1.4.422, NMW 19644, ZMB 588	syntypes		Inhambane, Mozambique.			moved from Neoromicia to the recently described Afronycteris; the specific epithet has been suggested to be spelt 'nana' to match the generic gender, but 'nanus' is a noun, and does not change with the genus	Monadjem, A., T. C. Demos, D. L. Dalton, P. W. Webala, S. Musila, J. C. K. Peterhans and B. D. Patterson (2021). A revision of pipistrelle-like bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191(4): 1114–1146.				Senegal|Gambia|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Cote d'Ivoire|Burkina Faso|Ghana|Togo|Benin|Mali|Niger|Nigeria|Cameroon|Equatorial Guinea|Gabon|Chad|Central African Republic|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Sudan|South Sudan|Eritrea|Ethiopia|Somalia|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Burundi|Tanzania|Angola|Zambia|Malawi|Mozambique|Namibia|Botswana|Zimbabwe|South Africa|Eswatini|Lesotho?	Africa	Afrotropic	LC (as Neoromicia nana)	0	0	0	Neoromicia_nanus	1	oldname match	Neoromicia_nanus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Afronycteris		nanus	Peters	1852	1	Reise nach Mossambique, S&auml;ugethier	p. 63	Banana Serotine	abaensis J. A. Allen, 1917; africanus R&uuml;ppell, 1842; culex Thomas, 1911; fouriei Thomas, 1926; meesteri Kock, 2001 [replacement name for australis Roberts, 1913]; australis Roberts, 1913 [not Miller, 1897]; pagenstecheri Noack, 1889; pusillulus Peters, 1870; pusillus LeConte, 1857 [not Schinz, 1840, or Noack, 1889]; pusillus Noack, 1889 [not Schinz, 1840, or LeConte, 1857]; minusculus Miller, 1900; stampflii Jentink, 1888.	Mozambique, Inhambane.	South Africa to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Niger, Mali, and Senegal; Madagascar; Pemba and Zanzibar.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/44923/22047621/' target='_blank'>Least Concern as Neoromicia nana</a>	Previously included in Neoromicia; see Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2003); Roehers et al. (2010) and Amador et al. (2016). Fasel et al. (2020) present a key to separating males of this species from closely related genera in S Africa based on characters of the penis. Although Riccucci and Lanza (2009) corrected the name endings of masculine species epithets in Neoromicia, changing nanus (masculine) to nana (feminine), the epithet nanus (dwarf) is a noun in apposition and therefore the original spelling (nanus) is retained, even though Afronycteris is feminine.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Neoromicia nanus; Neoromicia nanus; Afronycteris nana; Afronycteris nanus; Neoromicia nana; Afronycteris nana; nanus; culex; fouriei; meesteri; minusculus; stampflii; abaensis; africanus; meesteri - australis; pagenstecheri; pusillulus; pusillus; nanus; africana; culex; fouriei; meesteri; minuscula; stampflii; culex; fouriei; meesteri; minusculus; stampflii; abaensis; africanus; meesteri - australis; pagenstecheri; pusillulus; pusillus; africana; nanus; pusillulus; stampflii; pagenstecheri; pusillus; minusculus; culex; australis; abaensis; fouriei; meesteri; Vespére naine; Bananen-Zwergfledermaus; Neoromicia enana; Banana Bat; Banana Pipistrelle; Banana Pipistrelle Bat; Banana Serotine; Banana Bat; Banana Pipistrelle; Banana Pipistrelle; Banana Serotine; Pipistrellus nanus; Pipistrellus stamflii; Vespertilio nanus; A. nanus