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(1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1169	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	Pipistrellus pipistrellus [synonym of]	N/A	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Pipistrellus pygmaeus		[MSW3] Subgenus Pipistrellus. Previously confused with pipistrellus, but clearly distinct; see Jones and van Parijs (1993), Barratt et al. (1995, 1997), Jones and Barratt (1999), Häussler et al. (2000), Russo and Jones (2000), Ziegler et al. (2001), and Sendor et al. (2002). Conspecific with mediterraneus, see Jones and Barratt (1999) and Häussler et al. (2000). von Helversen et al. (2000) supported use of the name mediterraneus rather than pygmaeus for this species, but this was rejected by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003b), which recently placed both pipistrellus and pygmaeus on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and designated neotypes for both species to prevent future confusion of these taxa. Some of the synonyms listed under pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus; they are retained under the former pending reexamination. See Jones (1997) and Mayer and Helversen (2001b) for geographic range in Europe. The eastern limits of the range of this species are presently unknown, as some Asian and Middle Eastern populations presently attributed to Pipistrellus pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus.; [HMW] Vespertilio pygmaeus Leach, 1825 , “Spitchweek [= Spitchwick], near the forest of Dartmoor,” Devon , United Kingdom . Pipistrellus pygmaeus has generally been included as a subspecies of P. pipistrellus ; however, following a number of genetic studies that were supported by morphological data, the two species were separated in the 1990s. Genetic data place P. pygmaeus close to P. creticus and P. hanaki . Recently described subspecies cyprius might represent a distinct species because it is very distinct morphologically and fairly distinct genetically. Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Pipistrellus . Previously confused with pipistrellus , but clearly distinct; see Jones and van Parijs (1993), Barrattet al. (1995, 1997), Jones and Barratt (1999), Häussler et al. (2000), Russo and Jones (2000), Ziegler et al. (2001), and Sendor et al. (2002).Conspecific with mediterraneus , see Jones and Barratt (1999) and Häussler et al. (2000). von Helversen et al. (2000) supported use ofthe name mediterraneus rather than pygmaeus for this species, but this was rejected by the International Commission onZoological Nomenclature (2003 b ), which recently placed both pipistrellus and pygmaeus on the Official List ofSpecific Names in Zoology and designated neotypes for both species to prevent future confusion of these taxa. Some of the synonyms listed under pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus ; they are retained under the former pending reexamination. See Jones (1997) andMayer and Helversen (2001 b ) for geographic range in Europe. The eastern limits of the range of this species are presently unknown, assome Asian and Middle Eastern populations presently attributed to Pipistrellus  pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus . As noted by López-Baucells (2019), the subspecies cyprinus may represent a distinct species.; [IUCN] Includes P. mediterraneus , formerly regarded by some authorities as a subspecies of P. pipistrellus (Simmons 2005). The genetically and morphologically distinct population of pipistrelle bats belonging to the pygmaeus genetic clade and occurring in the Cyrenaica/Libya was recently described (Benda et al. 2004) as Pipistrellus hanaki .; [batnames2023] Subgenus Pipistrellus . Previously confused with pipistrellus , but clearly distinct; see Jones and van Parijs (1993), Barrattet al. (1995, 1997), Jones and Barratt (1999), Häussler et al. (2000), Russo and Jones (2000), Ziegler et al. (2001), and Sendor et al. (2002).Conspecific with mediterraneus , see Jones and Barratt (1999) and Häussler et al. (2000). von Helversen et al. (2000) supported use ofthe name mediterraneus rather than pygmaeus for this species, but this was rejected by the International Commission onZoological Nomenclature (2003 b ), which recently placed both pipistrellus and pygmaeus on the Official List ofSpecific Names in Zoology and designated neotypes for both species to prevent future confusion of these taxa. Some of the synonyms listed under pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus ; they are retained under the former pending reexamination. See Jones (1997) andMayer and Helversen (2001 b ) for geographic range in Europe. The eastern limits of the range of this species are presently unknown, assome Asian and Middle Eastern populations presently attributed to Pipistrellus  pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus . As noted by López-Baucells (2019), the subspecies cyprinus may represent a distinct species.; [batnames2025_1.7] Subgenus Pipistrellus. Previously confused with pipistrellus, but clearly distinct; see Jones and van Parijs (1993), Barrattet al. (1995, 1997), Jones and Barratt (1999), Häussler et al. (2000), Russo and Jones (2000), Ziegler et al. (2001), and Sendor et al. (2002).Conspecific with mediterraneus, see Jones and Barratt (1999) and Häussler et al. (2000). von Helversen et al. (2000) supported use ofthe name mediterraneus rather than pygmaeus for this species, but this was rejected by the International Commission onZoological Nomenclature (2003b), which recently placed both pipistrellus and pygmaeus on the Official List ofSpecific Names in Zoology and designated neotypes for both species to prevent future confusion of these taxa. Some of the synonyms listed under pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus; they are retained under the former pending reexamination. See Jones (1997) andMayer and Helversen (2001b) for geographic range in Europe. The eastern limits of the range of this species are presently unknown, assome Asian and Middle Eastern populations presently attributed to Pipistrellus pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus. As noted by López-Baucells (2019), the subspecies cyprinus may represent a distinct species.									mediterraneus	pygmaeus, cyprius		pygmaeus	pygmaeus - mediterraneus	pygmaeus, mediterraneus, cyprius	Includes P. mediterraneus , formerly regarded by some authorities as a subspecies of P. pipistrellus (Simmons 2005). The genetically and morphologically distinct population of pipistrelle bats belonging to the pygmaeus genetic clade and occurring in the Cyrenaica/Libya was recently described (Benda et al. 2004) as Pipistrellus hanaki .	pygmaeus, cyprinus	pygmaeus - mediterraneus	pygmaeus, mediterraneus, cyprius	pygmaeus, pygmeus, pigmaeus, mediterraneus, cyprius	cyprinus, pygmaeus 	pygmaeus - mediterraneus	pygmaeus (Leach, 1825)|pygmeus (Lesson, 1827) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|pigmaeus (S.D.W., 1836) [unjustified emendation]|mediterraneus Cabrera, 1904|cyprius Benda in Benda, Hanák, Horáček, Hulva, R. Lučan, & Ruedi, 2007						N/A																																								_P. p. cyprius_ Benda, 2007; _P. p. pygmaeus_ (Leach, 1825) (synonyms: _mediterraneus_ Cabrera, 1904)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Pipistrellini	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	pygmaeus	Leach	y	1825		Zool. J.	1		559		Soprano Pipistrelle	England, Devonshire, Dartmoor.	British Isles, S Scandinavia south to Spain, Portugal, Corsica, Sardinina, Italy, Slovenia, and Greece; east to Ukaraine and W Russia (perhaps much further east); N Algeria, Tunisia, Libya (Cyrenaica only).	IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).	mediterraneus Cabrera, 1904.	Subgenus Pipistrellus. Previously confused with pipistrellus, but clearly distinct; see Jones and van Parijs (1993), Barratt et al. (1995, 1997), Jones and Barratt (1999), Häussler et al. (2000), Russo and Jones (2000), Ziegler et al. (2001), and Sendor et al. (2002). Conspecific with mediterraneus, see Jones and Barratt (1999) and Häussler et al. (2000). von Helversen et al. (2000) supported use of the name mediterraneus rather than pygmaeus for this species, but this was rejected by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003b), which recently placed both pipistrellus and pygmaeus on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and designated neotypes for both species to prevent future confusion of these taxa. Some of the synonyms listed under pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus; they are retained under the former pending reexamination. See Jones (1997) and Mayer and Helversen (2001b) for geographic range in Europe. The eastern limits of the range of this species are presently unknown, as some Asian and Middle Eastern populations presently attributed to Pipistrellus pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus.	4C3D87E8FFE86A57FF869F081428BEDD	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	771	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFF66A4AFA819E3B1B08B694.xml	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	pygmaeus		1825	Pipistrelle pygmée @fr | Mickenfledermaus @de | Murciélago de Cabrera @es | Brown Pipistrelle @en | Pygmy Pipistrelle @en	Vespertilio pygmaeus Leach, 1825 , “Spitchweek [= Spitchwick], near the forest of Dartmoor,” Devon , United Kingdom . Pipistrellus pygmaeus has generally been included as a subspecies of P. pipistrellus ; however, following a number of genetic studies that were supported by morphological data, the two species were separated in the 1990s. Genetic data place P. pygmaeus close to P. creticus and P. hanaki . Recently described subspecies cyprius might represent a distinct species because it is very distinct morphologically and fairly distinct genetically. Two subspecies recognized.	P.p.pygmaeusLeach,1825—mostofEurope(fromIrelandandIberianPeninsulaEtoRussia)andCaucasus;alsoonmajorMediterraneanIs(Balearic,Corsica,Sardinia,andSicily). P. p. cyprius Benda, 2007 — Cyprus .	Head—body 36-51 mm,tail 23-36 mm, ear 9-13 mm, forearm 27-7-32-8 mm; weight 4-7-5 g. Fur of the Soprano Pipistrelle is slightly darker on dorsum than on venter, all pallid brown ranging from yellowish to sand brown. Compared with the Common Pipistrelle ( P. pipistrellus ), hair and skin color are paler. Similarly, buccal glands and overall color of penis or skin surrounding vagina are yellowish or orangish; they are gray in the Common Pipistrelle. Compared with other pipistrelle bats such as Nathusius’s Pipistrelle (P. nathusit), the Soprano Pipistrelle has short wings (wingspan 190-230 mm) that are inserted at base of toes. Calcar is up to one-third the length of uropatagium, and postcalcarial lobe is present. Snout is short and forehead clearly curved. Ears are triangular and short, with slender, curved, and rounded tragus. There is a quite diagnostic heart-shaped protuberance in middle of nose of both sexes. Nose is significantly smaller than in Nathusius’s Pipistrelle and Kuhl’s Pipistrelle ( P. kuhlii ). As for other European pipistrelles, cell pattern in wing venation is commonly used to tell them apart (although it has been proved to be reliable in only 89% of cases). Penisis yellowish orange without medialstripe on glans penis. There is usually a gap between I* and I’; lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FNa = 50 (many karyotypic reports of P. pipistrellus might actually represent this species).	Middle of cities and various other habitats such as forests, wetlands, rural areas, grasslands, pastures, and agricultural lands. The Soprano Pipistrelle has adapted to live in association with humans, and many authors suggest that it is more associated to aquatic habitats, wetlands, and urban areas than the Common Pipistrelle, although their habitat selection might vary latitudinally.	The Soprano Pipistrelle feeds on small Diptera (e.g. mosquitoes and midges) and Lepidoptera (e.g. moths), but also Hymenoptera, Trichoptera , Coleoptera , Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha) , Neuroptera , and Homoptera. It is an aerial hawker (always capturing prey in flight, never on ground or any vegetation surface). It commonly hunts in swamps and wetlands, using quick dives but also in agricultural areas and pastures, or around streetlamps, where they can be seen before sunset.	Colonies of only adult female Soprano Pipistrelles and their young form in April-May, and parturition of mostly twins occurs in late May and early June. Young tend to be more grayish than adults that are reddish or brown. If conditions are not appropriate for lactation, females reportedly switch roosting sites and move their offspring among alternative roosts several times. Young are able to fly at 3-4 weeks old and become fully independent at c.6 weeks. Although variable, mating occurs between the end ofJuly and October, and by that time, females born the same year have already become sexually mature. Males become sexually active in their second yearoflife.	The Soprano Pipistrelle is one ofthe first European species of bats to emerge at dusk and start foraging. It often repeats the same flight path and visits the same hunting areas every night, but foraging patterns and behavior change depending on weather and reproductive status. It typically has bimodal activity, with high activity just after sunset and a second activity peak (usually lower) before dawn. Similar to the Common Pipistrelle, the Soprano Pipistrelle roosts in a wide variety of places, including wall cladding, houses roofs, empty large cavities under roofs or ceilings, hollow trees, and especially bat boxes placed in agricultural landscapes. Winter roosts are poorly known, butit probably roosts mainly in tree holes and occasionally rock crevices, walls, buildings, and bat boxes. There are a few reports of hibernating individuals in caves in Romania . Hibernation period varies between regions and usually occurs from late autumn (November) to early spring (March). It has the typical pipistrellelike echolocation calls (first FM component of pulse, followed by QCF part), with peak frequencies of 50-60 kHz, occasionally up to 65 kHz. Soprano Pipistrelles can emit one single pulse or a double pulse per wingbeat cycle, depending on surrounding clutter. Pulses of Soprano Pipistrelles are as long as those of Common Pipistrelles (c.12 milliseconds), and when peak frequencies overlap (c.50 kHz), it is almost impossible to identify the species with certainty. Due to high variability of echolocation, overlapping frequencies leading to ambiguous identification occur almost always in cluttered environments. To make it more complicated, echolocation of the Soprano Pipistrelle is almost identical to that of Schreiber’s Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus schreibersii ), and therefore, they cannot be easily distinguished. Socialcalls are normally formed by a series of pulse combinations (including 2—4 pulses, usually three).	The Soprano Pipistrelle is not considered migratory, but it probably undertakes short-distance movements from summer roosts to winter roosts. Its flight is slow, erratic, but rather agile, and it is definitely not adapted to perform long flights in straight line. Some long-distance (up to 760 km ) flights have been reported, but more information is needed to understand their seasonal movements. While some individuals might undertake partial migrations, others seem to be entirely sedentary. Foraging or hunting areas are 1-12-3 km away from roosts, usually covering areas of 7-8 km?. It has been reported foraging over 500 m from shores on lakes and seas. Maternity colonies can have up to a few hundred individuals (in a few cases up to several thousands). Apparently, colonies tend to be slightly larger than those of Common Pipistrelle. In Central Europe, these species occasionally hybridize. The Soprano Pipistrelle often shares maternity colonies with the Common Pipistrelle, Nathusius’s Pipistrelle, Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, and Brandt's Myotis ( Myotis brandltii).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Soprano Pipistrelle is widespread across its distribution and common in most habitats. Although it is well adapted to live in association with humans, its most important threats might be direct persecution, roost disturbance and destruction, domestic animals (especially cats), and building renovation.	Agirre-Mendi & Ibanez (2004) | Arslan & Zima (2014) | Bartonitka & Rehék (2004, 2005, 2007) | Bartonicka, Bielik & Rehak (2008) | Bartonitka, Rehak & Andreas (2008) | Bartonitka, Rehak & Gaisler (2007) | Benda, Coroiu & Paunovi¢ (2016) | Benda, Hulva & Gaisler (2004) | Boston et al. (2014) | Celuch et al. (2006) | Davidson-Watts & Jones (2006) | Davidson-Watts et al. (2006) | Dietz & Kiefer (2016) | Dietz, von Helversen & Nill (2009) | Dietz, Schunger et al. (2005) | Evin et al. (2011) | Fichera et al. (2013) | Flaquer et al. (2006) | Herdina et al. (2014) | Hulva, Benda et al. (2007) | Hulva, Horacek et al. (2004) | Jones & Barrett (1999) | Leach (1825) | Lourenco & Palmeirim (2004) | Masing (2006) | Michaelsen etal. (2014) | Nicholls & Racey (2006) | Obrist et al. (2004) | Pacifici et al. (2013) | Pavlini¢ et al. (2008) | Pétersons (2003) | Presetnik et al. (2001) | Schober & Grimmberger (1998) | Simmons (2005) | Stone etal. (2015) | Sztencel-Jabtonka & Bogdanowicz (2012) | Waters & Wong (2007) | Wicht et al. (2003)	https://zenodo.org/record/6397810/files/figure.png	19. Soprano Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus French: Pipistrelle pygmée / German: Mickenfledermaus / Spanish: Murciélago de Cabrera Other common names: Brown Pipistrelle , Pygmy Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Vespertilio pygmaeus Leach, 1825 , “Spitchweek [= Spitchwick], near the forest of Dartmoor,” Devon , United Kingdom . Pipistrellus pygmaeus has generally been included as a subspecies of P. pipistrellus ; however, following a number of genetic studies that were supported by morphological data, the two species were separated in the 1990s. Genetic data place P. pygmaeus close to P. creticus and P. hanaki . Recently described subspecies cyprius might represent a distinct species because it is very distinct morphologically and fairly distinct genetically. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.p.pygmaeusLeach,1825—mostofEurope(fromIrelandandIberianPeninsulaEtoRussia)andCaucasus;alsoonmajorMediterraneanIs(Balearic,Corsica,Sardinia,andSicily). P. p. cyprius Benda, 2007 — Cyprus . Descriptive notes. Head—body 36-51 mm,tail 23-36 mm, ear 9-13 mm, forearm 27-7-32-8 mm; weight 4-7-5 g. Fur of the Soprano Pipistrelle is slightly darker on dorsum than on venter, all pallid brown ranging from yellowish to sand brown. Compared with the Common Pipistrelle ( P. pipistrellus ), hair and skin color are paler. Similarly, buccal glands and overall color of penis or skin surrounding vagina are yellowish or orangish; they are gray in the Common Pipistrelle. Compared with other pipistrelle bats such as Nathusius’s Pipistrelle (P. nathusit), the Soprano Pipistrelle has short wings (wingspan 190-230 mm) that are inserted at base of toes. Calcar is up to one-third the length of uropatagium, and postcalcarial lobe is present. Snout is short and forehead clearly curved. Ears are triangular and short, with slender, curved, and rounded tragus. There is a quite diagnostic heart-shaped protuberance in middle of nose of both sexes. Nose is significantly smaller than in Nathusius’s Pipistrelle and Kuhl’s Pipistrelle ( P. kuhlii ). As for other European pipistrelles, cell pattern in wing venation is commonly used to tell them apart (although it has been proved to be reliable in only 89% of cases). Penisis yellowish orange without medialstripe on glans penis. There is usually a gap between I* and I’; lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FNa = 50 (many karyotypic reports of P. pipistrellus might actually represent this species). On following pages 20 Crete Pıpıstre le (Prpısrrelus crencas) 21 Hanaks Pıpıstre Ie Pıpıstrs us hanak 22 Nathus u Pıpıstrel e Pıpıstne us namas » 23 Made ra Ppı tre le Hpvsrre us maderensrs) 24 Kuh s Pıpı tre le Pıpıstrelus kuh r) 25 Dusky Ppıstrele Pıpıstre us hespendus) 26 Rusty Pıpı tre e Ffipısrıs us ıuslıcus) 27 Tny Pp: trele Pıpıstra us nanu us) 28 Ae en Pıpıstre e (Hpıstre us nexspectatus) 29 Mount Gargue Pıpı tre e ñpısrra usaem) 30 Dares Salaam Ppıstre e Pıpısrrs us permxms) 31 Receys Ppı trele Pıpıstra us raœyr) 32 Dhofar Pıp trele Hpısrrs us dhofarenssb 33 Japanese Ppıstre e Pıpıstre us abramus ) 34 Endo Ppı tre e Pıpıstrısl us sudor) 35 Sturdees Pıpıstrele Pıpıstre us snırdeeı) 36 Javan Pıpıstrele (Pıpıstre us ¡avamcusl 37 ndıan Pıp trele Hpıstrel us command/a) 38 Kelaans Pıp stre e Hpısrrs usceylonıcııs) 39 Lea tPıpıstrelle Pıpıstral us tenus) 40 Mount Popa Hpıstrelle Ftpıstre usparercuus) 41 Narrcıwwınged Ppstrele (Pıpısrre us stenopterus ) 42 Mnahessa Pıpıstre e ñpısrre us mnahassae) 43 Greater Papuan Hp: trele Pıpısrrelus nus) 44 Lessef Papuan Pıpı trelle (Hpısrre us pıpuanus) 45 New Gu nee Pıpıstrelle (Pıpısrrelusangulams) 46 Wattss Ppıstfe Ie (Hpısrrul us watts !) 47 Northern Pıpıstre Ie Pıpıstra us westmsi 48 Forest Pıpısuelle Rpıstralusadamsı) Habitat. Middle of cities and various other habitats such as forests, wetlands, rural areas, grasslands, pastures, and agricultural lands. The Soprano Pipistrelle has adapted to live in association with humans, and many authors suggest that it is more associated to aquatic habitats, wetlands, and urban areas than the Common Pipistrelle, although their habitat selection might vary latitudinally. Food and Feeding. The Soprano Pipistrelle feeds on small Diptera (e.g. mosquitoes and midges) and Lepidoptera (e.g. moths), but also Hymenoptera, Trichoptera , Coleoptera , Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha) , Neuroptera , and Homoptera. It is an aerial hawker (always capturing prey in flight, never on ground or any vegetation surface). It commonly hunts in swamps and wetlands, using quick dives but also in agricultural areas and pastures, or around streetlamps, where they can be seen before sunset. Breeding. Colonies of only adult female Soprano Pipistrelles and their young form in April-May, and parturition of mostly twins occurs in late May and early June. Young tend to be more grayish than adults that are reddish or brown. If conditions are not appropriate for lactation, females reportedly switch roosting sites and move their offspring among alternative roosts several times. Young are able to fly at 3-4 weeks old and become fully independent at c.6 weeks. Although variable, mating occurs between the end ofJuly and October, and by that time, females born the same year have already become sexually mature. Males become sexually active in their second yearoflife. Activity patterns. The Soprano Pipistrelle is one ofthe first European species of bats to emerge at dusk and start foraging. It often repeats the same flight path and visits the same hunting areas every night, but foraging patterns and behavior change depending on weather and reproductive status. It typically has bimodal activity, with high activity just after sunset and a second activity peak (usually lower) before dawn. Similar to the Common Pipistrelle, the Soprano Pipistrelle roosts in a wide variety of places, including wall cladding, houses roofs, empty large cavities under roofs or ceilings, hollow trees, and especially bat boxes placed in agricultural landscapes. Winter roosts are poorly known, butit probably roosts mainly in tree holes and occasionally rock crevices, walls, buildings, and bat boxes. There are a few reports of hibernating individuals in caves in Romania . Hibernation period varies between regions and usually occurs from late autumn (November) to early spring (March). It has the typical pipistrellelike echolocation calls (first FM component of pulse, followed by QCF part), with peak frequencies of 50-60 kHz, occasionally up to 65 kHz. Soprano Pipistrelles can emit one single pulse or a double pulse per wingbeat cycle, depending on surrounding clutter. Pulses of Soprano Pipistrelles are as long as those of Common Pipistrelles (c.12 milliseconds), and when peak frequencies overlap (c.50 kHz), it is almost impossible to identify the species with certainty. Due to high variability of echolocation, overlapping frequencies leading to ambiguous identification occur almost always in cluttered environments. To make it more complicated, echolocation of the Soprano Pipistrelle is almost identical to that of Schreiber’s Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus schreibersii ), and therefore, they cannot be easily distinguished. Socialcalls are normally formed by a series of pulse combinations (including 2—4 pulses, usually three). Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Soprano Pipistrelle is not considered migratory, but it probably undertakes short-distance movements from summer roosts to winter roosts. Its flight is slow, erratic, but rather agile, and it is definitely not adapted to perform long flights in straight line. Some long-distance (up to 760 km ) flights have been reported, but more information is needed to understand their seasonal movements. While some individuals might undertake partial migrations, others seem to be entirely sedentary. Foraging or hunting areas are 1-12-3 km away from roosts, usually covering areas of 7-8 km?. It has been reported foraging over 500 m from shores on lakes and seas. Maternity colonies can have up to a few hundred individuals (in a few cases up to several thousands). Apparently, colonies tend to be slightly larger than those of Common Pipistrelle. In Central Europe, these species occasionally hybridize. The Soprano Pipistrelle often shares maternity colonies with the Common Pipistrelle, Nathusius’s Pipistrelle, Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, and Brandt's Myotis ( Myotis brandltii). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Soprano Pipistrelle is widespread across its distribution and common in most habitats. Although it is well adapted to live in association with humans, its most important threats might be direct persecution, roost disturbance and destruction, domestic animals (especially cats), and building renovation. Bibliography. Agirre-Mendi & Ibanez (2004), Arslan & Zima (2014), Bartonitka & Rehék (2004, 2005, 2007), Bartonicka, Bielik & Rehak (2008), Bartonitka, Rehak & Andreas (2008), Bartonitka, Rehak & Gaisler (2007), Benda, Coroiu & Paunovi¢ (2016), Benda, Hulva & Gaisler (2004), Boston et al. (2014), Celuch et al. (2006), Davidson-Watts & Jones (2006), Davidson-Watts et al. (2006), Dietz & Kiefer (2016), Dietz, von Helversen & Nill (2009), Dietz, Schunger et al. (2005), Evin et al. (2011), Fichera et al. (2013), Flaquer et al. (2006), Herdina et al. (2014), Hulva, Benda et al. (2007), Hulva, Horacek et al. (2004), Jones & Barrett (1999), Leach (1825), Lourenco & Palmeirim (2004), Masing (2006), Michaelsen etal. (2014), Nicholls & Racey (2006), Obrist et al. (2004), Pacifici et al. (2013), Pavlini¢ et al. (2008), Pétersons (2003), Presetnik et al. (2001), Schober & Grimmberger (1998), Simmons (2005), Stone etal. (2015), Sztencel-Jabtonka & Bogdanowicz (2012), Waters & Wong (2007), Wicht et al. (2003).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	pygmaeus	Leach	1825	1	Zool. J.	0.4299	Soprano Pipistrelle	 mediterraneus Cabrera, 1904.	England, Devonshire, Dartmoor.	British Isles, S Scandinavia south to Spain, Portugal, Corsica, Sardinina, Italy, Slovenia, and Greece; east to Ukaraine and W Russia (perhaps much further east); N Algeria, Tunisia, Libya (Cyrenaica only).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Pipistrellus . Previously confused with pipistrellus , but clearly distinct; see Jones and van Parijs (1993), Barrattet al. (1995, 1997), Jones and Barratt (1999), Häussler et al. (2000), Russo and Jones (2000), Ziegler et al. (2001), and Sendor et al. (2002).Conspecific with mediterraneus , see Jones and Barratt (1999) and Häussler et al. (2000). von Helversen et al. (2000) supported use ofthe name mediterraneus rather than pygmaeus for this species, but this was rejected by the International Commission onZoological Nomenclature (2003 b ), which recently placed both pipistrellus and pygmaeus on the Official List ofSpecific Names in Zoology and designated neotypes for both species to prevent future confusion of these taxa. Some of the synonyms listed under pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus ; they are retained under the former pending reexamination. See Jones (1997) andMayer and Helversen (2001 b ) for geographic range in Europe. The eastern limits of the range of this species are presently unknown, assome Asian and Middle Eastern populations presently attributed to Pipistrellus  pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus . As noted by López-Baucells (2019), the subspecies cyprinus may represent a distinct species.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	23	Soprano Pipistrelle	Brown Pipistrelle|Pygmy Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	PIPISTRELLINI	Pipistrellus	NA	pygmaeus	Leach	1825	1	Vespertilio_pygmaeus	Leach, W. E. (1825). Description of the Vespertilio pygmaeus, a new species, recently discovered in Devonshire. The Zoological journal, 1, 560.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47900#page/648/mode/1up	BM ZD 1999.43 [neotype]		"Spitchweek [= Spitchwick], near the forest of Dartmoor," Devon, United Kingdom.			pygmaeus (Leach, 1825)|mediterraneus Cabrera, 1904|cyprius Benda in Benda, Hanák, Horáček, Hulva, Lučan, & Ruedi, 2007	NA	NA	Ireland|United Kingdom|Portugal|Spain|France|Germany|Denmark|Sweden|Norway|Switzerland|Italy|Slovenia|Austria|Czech Republic|Poland|Slovakia|Hungary|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Ukraine|Belarus|Lithuania|Latvia|Estonia|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Iran|Turkey|Cyprus	Asia|Europe	Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_pygmaeus	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_pygmaeus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	136649	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Pipistrellus	pygmaeus	(Leach, 1825)	Includes P. mediterraneus , formerly regarded by some authorities as a subspecies of P. pipistrellus (Simmons 2005). The genetically and morphologically distinct population of pipistrelle bats belonging to the pygmaeus genetic clade and occurring in the Cyrenaica/Libya was recently described (Benda et al. 2004) as Pipistrellus hanaki .	20000000	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	Least Concern		2016	2016-04-25 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	The species is widespread and abundant, and there is no evidence of current significant population decline. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern.	It forages around woodland and wetlands, and is more closely associated with water than P. pipistrellus . It feeds mainly on small Diptera (especially aquatic midges). Maternity colonies are located in hollow trees, rock crevices and buildings (which provide warmer sites) (Michaelsen et al. 2014). No specific data are available on P. pygmaeus winter roost sites, but presumably they are similar to those used by P. pipistrellus .	As maternity colonies tend to be found in buildings, the species may be vulnerable to anthropogenic factors, such as disturbance, timber treatment and building renovation (Battersby 2005). However, this is not thought to be a major threat.	Pipistrellus pygmaeus generally appears to be less abundant than P. pipistrellus , although it is nevertheless a widespread and abundant species. Summer colonies may be larger than P. pipistrellus , numbering up to 250 (or occasionally up to 3,000) individuals. It is not known if the species congregates in winter, or what size its winter colonies attain. Recent evidence of hybridisation with P. pipistrellus has been found in Central Europe ;by ;Sztencel-Jablonka and Bogdanowicz (2012).	Unknown	The Pygmy Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pygmaeus ) ;was only recently differentiated from P. pipistrellus , and some details of its distribution are still lacking. It is also a western Palaearctic species, occurring from the British Isles through much of Europe (including the islands of Corsica, Sardinina and Sicily (Fichera et al. ;2013) ) east to Ukraine and western Russia. ;So far ;no records ;have been reported ;from North ;<span class="SpellE">Africa ;or the Middle East (Dietz et al . 2009). It occurs further north in Scandinavia than P. pipistrellus .		Terrestrial	It is protected under national law in most range states. It is also protected under international law through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention in parts of its range where these apply, and is included in Annex IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. It occurs in many protected areas. No specific conservation actions are known. Adoption of bat-friendly practices in the construction and maintenance of buildings is a proposed action. Although this species was only recently described, it is apparently widespread and abundant. However, further clarification of its distribution, population size and trend, habitat preferences, and ecology is required.	Palearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	pygmaeus	Leach	1825	1	Zool. J.	0.429861	Soprano Pipistrelle	 mediterraneus Cabrera, 1904.	England, Devonshire, Dartmoor.	British Isles, S Scandinavia south to Spain, Portugal, Corsica, Sardinina, Italy, Slovenia, and Greece; east to Ukaraine and W Russia (perhaps much further east); N Algeria, Tunisia, Libya (Cyrenaica only).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Pipistrellus . Previously confused with pipistrellus , but clearly distinct; see Jones and van Parijs (1993), Barrattet al. (1995, 1997), Jones and Barratt (1999), Häussler et al. (2000), Russo and Jones (2000), Ziegler et al. (2001), and Sendor et al. (2002).Conspecific with mediterraneus , see Jones and Barratt (1999) and Häussler et al. (2000). von Helversen et al. (2000) supported use ofthe name mediterraneus rather than pygmaeus for this species, but this was rejected by the International Commission onZoological Nomenclature (2003 b ), which recently placed both pipistrellus and pygmaeus on the Official List ofSpecific Names in Zoology and designated neotypes for both species to prevent future confusion of these taxa. Some of the synonyms listed under pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus ; they are retained under the former pending reexamination. See Jones (1997) andMayer and Helversen (2001 b ) for geographic range in Europe. The eastern limits of the range of this species are presently unknown, assome Asian and Middle Eastern populations presently attributed to Pipistrellus  pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus . As noted by López-Baucells (2019), the subspecies cyprinus may represent a distinct species.	Pipistrellus pygmaeus	1005633	23	Soprano Pipistrelle	Brown Pipistrelle|Pygmy Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	PIPISTRELLINI	Pipistrellus	NA	pygmaeus	Leach	1825	1	Vespertilio_pygmaeus	Leach, W. E. (1825). Description of the Vespertilio pygmaeus, a new species, recently discovered in Devonshire. The Zoological journal, 1, 560.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47900#page/648/mode/1up	BM ZD 1999.43 [neotype]		"Spitchweek [= Spitchwick], near the forest of Dartmoor," Devon, United Kingdom.			pygmaeus (Leach, 1825)|mediterraneus Cabrera, 1904|cyprius Benda in Benda, Hanák, Horáček, Hulva, Lučan, & Ruedi, 2007	NA	NA				Ireland|United Kingdom|Portugal|Spain|France|Germany|Denmark|Sweden|Norway|Switzerland|Italy|Slovenia|Austria|Czech Republic|Poland|Slovakia|Hungary|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Ukraine|Belarus|Lithuania|Latvia|Estonia|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Iran|Turkey|Cyprus	Asia|Europe	Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_pygmaeus	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_pygmaeus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pipistrellus_pygmaeus	1005633	23	Soprano Pipistrelle	Brown Pipistrelle|Pygmy Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Pipistrellini	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	pygmaeus	Leach	1	Vespertilio Pygmæus	Leach, W.E. 1825-01. Description of the Vespertilio Pygmæus, a new species, recently discovered in Devonshire. Zoological Journal 1(4):559-561.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13382418	BMNH:Mamm:1999.43	neotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/315e0f2b-fb9c-458a-b78e-e58084d66d22 | https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/cd650d43-7834-46ac-8d55-e745b41e4cb1	"Spitchweek [= Spitchwick], near the forest of Dartmoor," Devon, United Kingdom.			NA	NA				Ireland|United Kingdom|Portugal|Spain|France|Germany|Denmark|Sweden|Norway|Switzerland|Italy|Slovenia|Austria|Czech Republic|Poland|Slovakia|Hungary|Croatia|Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Ukraine|Belarus|Lithuania|Latvia|Estonia|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Iran|Turkey|Cyprus	Asia|Europe	Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_pygmaeus	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_pygmaeus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	pygmaeus	Leach	1825	1	Zool. J.	0.429861	Soprano Pipistrelle	mediterraneus Cabrera, 1904.	England, Devonshire, Dartmoor.	British Isles, S Scandinavia south to Spain, Portugal, Corsica, Sardinina, Italy, Slovenia, and Greece; east to Ukaraine and W Russia (perhaps much further east); N Algeria, Tunisia, Libya (Cyrenaica only).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136649/21990234/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Subgenus Pipistrellus. Previously confused with pipistrellus, but clearly distinct; see Jones and van Parijs (1993), Barrattet al. (1995, 1997), Jones and Barratt (1999), Häussler et al. (2000), Russo and Jones (2000), Ziegler et al. (2001), and Sendor et al. (2002).Conspecific with mediterraneus, see Jones and Barratt (1999) and Häussler et al. (2000). von Helversen et al. (2000) supported use ofthe name mediterraneus rather than pygmaeus for this species, but this was rejected by the International Commission onZoological Nomenclature (2003b), which recently placed both pipistrellus and pygmaeus on the Official List ofSpecific Names in Zoology and designated neotypes for both species to prevent future confusion of these taxa. Some of the synonyms listed under pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus; they are retained under the former pending reexamination. See Jones (1997) andMayer and Helversen (2001b) for geographic range in Europe. The eastern limits of the range of this species are presently unknown, assome Asian and Middle Eastern populations presently attributed to Pipistrellus pipistrellus may actually represent pygmaeus. As noted by López-Baucells (2019), the subspecies cyprinus may represent a distinct species.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pipistrellus pygmaeus; Pipistrellus pygmaeus; Pipistrellus pygmaeus; Pipistrellus pygmaeus; Pipistrellus pygmaeus; Pipistrellus pygmaeus; mediterraneus; pygmaeus; cyprius; mediterraneus; pygmaeus; mediterraneus; cyprius; Pipistrelle pygmée; Mickenfledermaus; Murciélago de Cabrera; Brown Pipistrelle; Pygmy Pipistrelle; Soprano Pipistrelle; Brown Pipistrelle; Pygmy Pipistrelle; Soprano Pipistrelle; Soprano Pipistrelle; P. pygmaeus