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(1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1159	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pipistrellus kuhli	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus kuhlii		[MSW2] Subgenus Pipistrellus.; [MSW3] Subgenus Pipistrellus. Does not include African populations (here referred to hesperidus), see Kock (2001b). Canary Isls populations referred to kuhlii by Pestano et al. (2003) probably also represent hesperidus and also listed under that taxon. Reviewed in part by Harrsion and Bates (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For discussion of correct spelling (kuhlii) and authorship (Kuhl not Natterer), see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998).; [HMW] Vespertilio kuhlii Natterer in Kuhl, 1817 , Trieste, Italy . Pipistrellus desert: Thomas, 1902 was recognized as a synonym by O. Thomas in 1902, and individuals from sub-Saharan Africa are considered to belong to P. hesperidus . Nevertheless, phylogenetic relationships among these taxa need additional research. Populations of P. kuhlii in the Canary Islands might also represent P. hesperidus , and are tentatively included underlatter species here. Although P. maderensis is currently considered a distinct species, genetic data have shown that it is imbedded in P. kuhlii . This suggests that either P. maderensis is best included under P. kuhlii or P. kuhlii represents multiple species. Four subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Pipistrellus . Includes deserti; see Benda et al (2014). Does not include African populations (here referred to hesperidus ), see Kock (2001 b ). Includes Canary Isls populations referred to kuhlii by Pestano et al. (2003), and see Borloti et al. (2020) for additional discussion of the species occurrence in Cabo Verde. Individuals collected in Israel, Syria, and Iran may represent a separatespecies ( lepidus see Mayer et al. 2007). Reviewed in part by Harrsion and Bates (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For discussionof correct spelling ( kuhlii ) and authorship (Kuhl not Natterer), see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998).; [MDD2022] includes deserti; [IUCN] Simmons (2005) considers sub-Saharan African and Canary Island populations to belong to a different species, P. hesperidus , but the taxonomic validity of that taxon, as well its relation with the African P. deserti needs further research. The species in Yemen requires taxonomic clarification (D. Kock pers. comm. 2005). Pipistrellus deserti is considered a junior synonym of P. kuhlii following Benda et al . (2014).; [batnames2023] Subgenus Pipistrellus . Includes deserti; see Benda et al (2014). Does not include African populations (here referred to hesperidus ), see Kock (2001 b ). Includes Canary Isls populations referred to kuhlii by Pestano et al. (2003), and see Borloti et al. (2020) for additional discussion of the species occurrence in Cabo Verde. Individuals collected in Israel, Syria, and Iran may represent a separatespecies ( lepidus see Mayer et al. 2007). Reviewed in part by Harrsion and Bates (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For discussionof correct spelling ( kuhlii ) and authorship (Kuhl not Natterer), see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998).; [MDD2023] includes deserti; [MDD2025_2.0] includes deserti; [batnames2025_1.7] Subgenus Pipistrellus. Includes deserti; see Benda et al (2014). Does not include African populations (here referred to hesperidus), see Kock (2001b). Includes Canary Isls populations referred to kuhlii by Pestano et al. (2003), and see Borloti et al. (2020) for additional discussion of the species occurrence in Cabo Verde. Individuals collected in Israel, Syria, and Iran may represent a separatespecies (lepidus see Mayer et al. 2007). Reviewed in part by Harrsion and Bates (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For discussionof correct spelling (kuhlii) and authorship (Kuhl not Natterer), see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998). For records from Tajikistan see KÅ‚ys and Lis (2022).; [MDD2025_2.2] includes deserti						albicans, albolimbatus, alcythoe, broomi, calcarata, canus, fuscatus, ikhwanius, lepidus, leucotis, lobatus, marginatus, minuta, pullatus, subtilus, ursula, vispistrellus.	lepidus, kuhlii, marginatus, fuscatus, subtilis	kuhlii, ikhwanius, lepidus	albicans, albolimbatus, alcythoe, marginatus, minuta, pallidus, pullatus, saharae, ursula; ikhwanius - latastei; lepidus - canus, leucotis, lobatus, vispistrellus; Unassigned - calcarata	kuhlii, tkhwanius, lepidus, marginatus		kuhlii, ikhwanius, lepidus	kuhlii - albicans, albolimbatus, alcythoe, deserti, marginatus, minuta, pallidus, pullatus, saharae, ursula; ikhwanius - latastei; lepidus - canus, leucotis, lobatus, vispistrellus; Unassigned - calcarata	kuhlii, aegyptius, marginatus, albolimbatus, alcythoe, vispistrellus, calcarata, lepidus, marginatus, canus, lobatus, minuta, leucotis, albicans, pullatus, deserti, ikhwanius, pallidus, saharae, latastei	Simmons (2005) considers sub-Saharan African and Canary Island populations to belong to a different species, P. hesperidus , but the taxonomic validity of that taxon, as well its relation with the African P. deserti needs further research. The species in Yemen requires taxonomic clarification (D. Kock pers. comm. 2005). Pipistrellus deserti is considered a junior synonym of P. kuhlii following Benda et al . (2014).	kuhlii, ikhwanius, lepidus, Unassigned	P. k. kuhlii Natterer,1817—C&SEurope,from NF ranceandIberian PeninsulaEtotheBalkans, limitinginNin S Germany,SCzechRepublic,Austria,andSlovakia;alsoonlargeMediterraneanIs. P. k. tkhwanius Cheesman&Hinton,1924—EAsiainSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Jordan,Iraq,Iran,andArabianPeninsula. P. k.l epidus Blyth,1845—SPoland,extremeESlovakia,Romania,Ukraine,WRussia,WKazakhstan,Caucasus,Anatolia,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Afghanistan,Pakistan,andIndia. P. k. marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830 — N Africa from Morocco E to Egypt .	kuhlii, aegyptius, marginatus, albolimbatus, alcythoe, vispistrellus, calcarata, lepidus, marginatus, canus, lobatus, minuta, leucotis, albicans, pullatus, deserti, ikhwanius, pallidus, saharae, latastei	kuhlii, aegyptius, marginatus, albolimbatus, alcythoe, vispistrellus, calcaratus, ursula, marginatus, lepidus, kolenatii, vispistrella, canus, lobatus, minutus, leucotis, albicans, pullatus, kuhli, deserti, ikhwanius, pallidus, saharae, latastei	ikhwanius, kuhlii, lepidus 	calcarata; ikhwanius - latastei; kuhlii - albicans, albolimbatus, alcythoe, deserti, marginatus, marginatus, minuta, pallidus, pullatus, saharae, ursula; lepidus - canus, leucotis, lobatus, vispistrellus	kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817)|aegyptius (J. B. Fischer, 1829)|marginatus (Cretzschmar, 1830)|albolimbatus (Küster, 1835)|alcythoe (Bonaparte, 1837)|vispistrellus (Bonaparte, 1837)|calcaratus (J. E. Gray, 1838)|ursula (J. A. Wagner, 1840)|marginatus Bonaparte, 1841 [nomen novum | preoccupied]|lobatus (J. E. Gray, 1843) [nomen nudum]|lepidus E. Blyth in F. W. Hutton, 1845|kolenatii (J. Müller, 1858)|vispistrella Loche, 1858 [unjustified emendation]|canus (E. Blyth, 1863) [nomen nudum]|canus (Jerdon, 1867)|lobatus (Jerdon, 1867)|minutus Loche, 1867|leucotis Dobson in Stoliczka, 1872|kuhli (Danford & Alston, 1880) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|albicans (Monticelli, 1886)|pullatus (Monticelli, 1886)|deserti O. Thomas, 1902|ikhwanius Cheesman & Hinton, 1924|pallidus Heim de Balsac, 1936|saharae Heim de Balsac, 1936 [nomen nudum]|latastei P. Laurent, 1937		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Kuhl's pipistrelle	Africa, SW Europe – Kashmir	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Italy, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste.	Natterer	1819	In Kuhl, Ann. Wetterau Ges. Naturk., 4(2): 199.	Distribution: Ranging from southwestern Europe and the Canary islands to Pakistan and south to the Cape Province.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Kuhl's pipistrelle	SW Europe – Kashmir, Africa; Cape Verde Is	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Kuhl	1817	Die Deutschen Fledermause, Hanau, p. 14.	Subgenus Pipistrellus.	S Europe through the Caucasus to Kazakhstan and Pakistan; SW Asia; most of Africa; Canary Isis (Spain).	Italy, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste.		KUHL	1817	Size fairly small (forearm length, 29-38 mm). Inner upper incisor unicuspid. Outer upper incisor reduced. Anterior upper premolar reduced and displaced medially. Rostrum fairly long and of medium width. Forehead slightly concave.	Distribution: Ranging from southwestern Europe and the Canary islands to Pakistan and south to the Cape Province.	Five subspecies are here recognized:	P. k. lepidus (Turkmenia and Iran to Pakistan), P. k. kuhlii (southern Europe and Turkey), P. k. marginatus (northern Africa and southwestern Asia), P. k.fuscatus (eastern Africa), P. k. subtilis (southeastern Africa). Allocation of many populations to subspecies is uncertain.	114	species	P. kuhlii	KUHL	1817	Pipistrellus	subgenus	Pipistrellus kuhlii				Size fairly small (forearm length, 29-38 mm). Inner upper incisor unicuspid. Outer upper incisor reduced. Anterior upper premolar reduced and displaced medially. Rostrum fairly long and of medium width. Forehead slightly concave.	Five subspecies are here recognized:		26. P. kuhlii (KUHL 1817) [kuhlii group].	26	_P. k. ikhwanius_ Cheesman & Hinton, 1924 (synonyms: _latastei_ Laurent, 1937); _P. k. kuhlii_ (Kuhl, 1817) (synonyms: _aegyptius_ (Fischer, 1829), _albicans_ (Monticelli, 1886), _albolimbatus_ (Küster, 1835), _alcythoe_ (Bonaparte, 1837), _calcaratus_ (Gray, 1838), _deserti_ Thomas, 1902, _kolenatii_ (Müller, 1858), _marginatus_ (Cretzschmar, 1830), _marginatus_ Bonaparte, 1841, _minutus_ Loche, 1867, _pallidus_ Heim de Balsac, 1936, _pullatus_ (Monticelli, 1886), _saharae_ Heim de Balsac, 1936, _ursula_ (Wagner, 1840)); _P. k. lepidus_ Blyth, 1845 (synonyms: _canus_ (Jerdon, 1867), _leucotis_ Dobson, 1872, _lobatus_ (Jerdon, 1867), _vispistrellus_ (Bonaparte, 1837))			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Pipistrellini	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	kuhlii	Kuhl	y	1817		Die Deutschen Fledermäuse, Hanau			14		Kuhl's Pipistrelle	Italy, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste.	C Europe, Near East through the Caucasus to Kazakhstan and Pakistan; SW Asia.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	albicans Monticelli, 1886; albolimbatus Küster, 1835; alcythoe Bonaparte, 1837; marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830; marginatus Bonaparte, 1841 [not Cretzschmar, 1830]; minuta Loche, 1867; pallidus Heim de Balsac, 1936; pullatus Monticelli, 1886; saharae Heim de Balsac, 1936 [nomen nudum]; ursula Wagner, 1840; ikhwanius Cheesman and Hinton, 1924; latastei Laurent, 1937; lepidus Blyth, 1845; canus Blyth, 1863; leucotis Dobson, 1872; lobatus Jerdon, 1867; vispistrellus Bonaparte, 1837. Unassigned: calcarata Gray, 1838 [nomen dubium; locality unknown].	Subgenus Pipistrellus. Does not include African populations (here referred to hesperidus), see Kock (2001b). Canary Isls populations referred to kuhlii by Pestano et al. (2003) probably also represent hesperidus and also listed under that taxon. Reviewed in part by Harrsion and Bates (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For discussion of correct spelling (kuhlii) and authorship (Kuhl not Natterer), see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998).	4C3D87E8FFEB6A54FF5090DD182AB729	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	774	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFEB6A54FF5090DD182AB729.xml	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	kuhlii		1817	Pipistrelle de Kuhl @fr | Wei Rrandfledermaus @de | Pipistrelade borde claro @es | Kuhl's Bat @en | Kuhl’s Pipistrelle Bat @en | Great Pipistrelle @en | White Stripe Bat @en	Vespertilio kuhlii Natterer in Kuhl, 1817 , Trieste, Italy . Pipistrellus desert: Thomas, 1902 was recognized as a synonym by O. Thomas in 1902, and individuals from sub-Saharan Africa are considered to belong to P. hesperidus . Nevertheless, phylogenetic relationships among these taxa need additional research. Populations of P. kuhlii in the Canary Islands might also represent P. hesperidus , and are tentatively included underlatter species here. Although P. maderensis is currently considered a distinct species, genetic data have shown that it is imbedded in P. kuhlii . This suggests that either P. maderensis is best included under P. kuhlii or P. kuhlii represents multiple species. Four subspecies recognized.	P.k.kuhliiNatterer,1817—C&SEurope,fromNFranceandIberianPeninsulaEtotheBalkans,limitinginNinSGermany,SCzechRepublic,Austria,andSlovakia;alsoonlargeMediterraneanIs. P.k.tkhwaniusCheesman&Hinton,1924—EAsiainSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Jordan,Iraq,Iran,andArabianPeninsula. P.k.lepidusBlyth,1845—SPoland,extremeESlovakia,Romania,Ukraine,WRussia,WKazakhstan,Caucasus,Anatolia,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Afghanistan,Pakistan,andIndia. P. k. marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830 — N Africa from Morocco E to Egypt .	Head-body 40-55 mm, tail 30-45 mm, ear 12-13 mm, hindfoot 6-8 mm, forearm 30-3-37-4 mm; weight 5-10 g. Kuhl’s Pipistrelle has very variable fur color from dark to pale brown, rusty brown, or yellowish, with no sexual dimorphism. Contrast between dorsum and venter is not very clear, and although dorsal hair is often beige to ocher, ventral hair tends to be whitish or pale yellowish. Skin varies from dark brown to pale or reddish. Commonly, white stripe of different widths can be found at free edge of wing and tail membranes. In eastern forms,this line tends to be wider and, to some extent, diffuse. It is clearly different in color than Savi’s Pipistrelle ( Hypsugo savii ) and bigger than other African pipistrelle species such as the Dusky Pipistrelle ( P. hesperidus ). Wings are blackish or dark brown and broad (wingspan 210-230 mm), perfectly adapted to its erratic and agile flight in semi-open spaces. Penisis spear-shaped. Ears are short and triangular, with five small wrinkles protecting an inwardly curved and rounded tragus. Wing venation pattern is similar to that of the Common Pipistrelle ( P. pipistrellus ) but clearly distinct from those of Nathusius’s Pipistrelle ( P. nathusii ) and the Soprano Pipistrelle ( P. pygmaeus ). Baculum of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle is strongly curved, with bifurcations at tip and base. Skull is moderately robust compared with African pipistrelles; greatest skull lengths are 13-9-14 mm, condylo-basal length is c.13-2 mm, and zygomatic breadth is ¢. 9 mm ; rostrum is relatively long; forehead profile is moderately to weakly concave; dorsal margin of orbit is not inflated (unlike in the Dusky Pipistrelle); I* is long and clearly unicuspid, which greatly helps with identification in field in Europe, especially to distinguish Kuhl’s Pipistrelle from Nathusius’s Pipistrelle; I’ is very small and ¢.50% the height of I; P? is extremely small and hardly visible above gum, usually displaced lingually; C' and P* are in contact; and lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44, FNa = 50, and FN = 54.	Agricultural land and urban areas but also woodland edges, riparian forests, deserts and semi-deserts, oases, shrublands, alpine grasslands, and pastures from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2000 m (usually below 1000 m ). Kuhl’s Pipistrelle seems to avoid interiors of large continuous forests.	Kuhl’s Pipistrelle feeds on small flying insects such as Diptera (nonbiting midges and mosquitoes), Psocoptera, Hymenoptera , Coleoptera , Lepidoptera , Hemiptera , Trichoptera, Homoptera , and Neuroptera . It is an aerial hawker, capturing insects in flight at 1-20 m aboveground.	Maternity colonies of Kuhl’s Pipistrelles can have tens to several hundred individuals (rarely exceed 200 individuals), almost all of them adult females and their young. These colonies are usually found in crevices or large empty cavities in buildings, bat boxes or hollow trees, andcliffs. In urban areas, nursery colonies are commonly found in window blinds, roll-down shutter boxes or roofing tiles, often causing some disturbances to the buildings’ owners due to strong smell and noise. Adult females start to congregate in mid-March, and they remain together until late August. They give birth, mostly to twins, from mid-June to July. Young females become reproductively active the first autumn of their life. During the mating period, a kind of swarming behavior occurs, and males try to attract females by displaying with flight displays or social calls from August to early November. Maximum longevity is less than eight years.	Flight of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle is slow, erratic, unpredictable but rather agile, and relatively maneuverable in cluttered spaces. Commuting flightis significant ly faster than foraging flight (9-3 m/s vs. 4-7 m/s). In cities, Kuhl’s Pipistrelle emerges quite early (although later than the Common Pipistrelle), a little before sunset, and can be observed foraging around streetlamps or following linear structures, alone or in groups. It has bimodal activity, with an activity peak during the first hours after sunset and a second activity peak before dawn. Although not many data are available during hibernation, they have been found hibernating in rock crevices, expansion joints, cellars, bridges, and buildings in the Balkans. Hibernation in some Mediterranean countries is commonly interrupted because they tend to forage during mild winter days. In some cases, they use the same roosts all year. Echolocation calls have typical pipistrelle-like pulses, with peak frequencies of c.34—41 kHz, sometimes overlapping with Savi’s Pipistrelle in the lowest frequencies and the Common Pipistrelle in the highest. Shape and frequency of calls are highly variable depending on environment, behavior, and weather conditions. Pulses are relatively long and can reach durations of up to 14 milliseconds. During acoustic surveys, Kuhl’s Pipistrelle can only be separated from Nathusius’s Pipistrelle using its social calls, which consist of two distinct quick FM pulses of c.14-16 kHz, but even this is sometimes problematic.	Kuhl’s Pipistrelle is not considered migratory but strictly sedentary. It probably moves some tens of kilometers between maternity, swarming, and hibernation locations. Short and medium distance movements and colonization of surrounding habitats can explain its expansive distribution. Widespread nature of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle across Europe and beyond seems to have been facilitated by the network of waterways and other landscape migration routes. During the maternity period, males and females roost separately. Sex ratio is usually 1:1. Maternity colonies are sometimes mixed colonies with other bat species such as the Common Pipistrelle or Savi’s Pipistrelle.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Kuhl’s Pipistrelle is considered one of the most adaptable bat species in Europe; it associates with humans, is widespread, and relatively abundant in most of its distribution. Its distribution seems to be expanding in the north and east. In some countries, such as Iran and the Caucasus region, it has been suggested that Kuhl’s Pipistrelles compete with and displace other sympatric species, such as the Common Pipistrelle and Savi’s Pipistrelle. The fact that Kuhl’s Pipistrelle is especially abundant in urban areas and villages can be explained by increased availability of roosts in roofs and wall crevices and insect availability around streetlamps. In fact, urban colonies have earlier parturition time and produced more young than those in rural areas. No major threats are recognized, but roost disturbance and direct persecution might affect local colonies.	Ancillotto, Tomassini & Russo (2015) | Arslan & Zima (2014) | Aulagnier et al. (2009) | Barti (2010) | Beck (1995) | Celuch & Sevéik (2006) | Benda et al. (2015) | Corbet (1978) | Danko (2007) | Dietz & Kiefer (2016) | Dragu et al. (2007) | Feldman et al. (2000) | Gaikwad et al. (2012) | Goiti, Vecin et al. (2003) | Gopfert et al. (1995) | Grodzinski et al. (2009) | Hutterer et al. (2005) | Juste & Paunovi¢ (2016b) | Molur et al. (2002) | Mufioz-Garcia et al. (2012) | Pacifici et al. (2013) | Pestano, Brown, Suarez & Fajardo (2003) | Russo & Jones (1999, 2003) | Sachanowicz, Piskorski & Tereba (2017) | Sachanowicz, Wover & Bashta (2006) | Sharifi et al. (2004) | Simmons (2005) | Smith & Xie Yan (2008) | Thomas (1902a) | Uhrin et al. (2014) | Vernier & Bogdanowicz (1999) | Wawrocka et al. (2012)	https://zenodo.org/record/6397820/files/figure.png	24. Kuhl’s Pipistrelle Pipistrellus kuhlii French: Pipistrelle de Kuhl / German: WeiRrandfledermaus / Spanish: Pipistrela de borde claro Other common names: Kuhl's Bat , Kuhl’s Pipistrelle Bat , Great Pipistrelle , White Stripe Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio kuhlii Natterer in Kuhl, 1817 , Trieste, Italy . Pipistrellus desert: Thomas, 1902 was recognized as a synonym by O. Thomas in 1902, and individuals from sub-Saharan Africa are considered to belong to P. hesperidus . Nevertheless, phylogenetic relationships among these taxa need additional research. Populations of P. kuhlii in the Canary Islands might also represent P. hesperidus , and are tentatively included underlatter species here. Although P. maderensis is currently considered a distinct species, genetic data have shown that it is imbedded in P. kuhlii . This suggests that either P. maderensis is best included under P. kuhlii or P. kuhlii represents multiple species. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.k.kuhliiNatterer,1817—C&SEurope,fromNFranceandIberianPeninsulaEtotheBalkans,limitinginNinSGermany,SCzechRepublic,Austria,andSlovakia;alsoonlargeMediterraneanIs. P.k.tkhwaniusCheesman&Hinton,1924—EAsiainSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Jordan,Iraq,Iran,andArabianPeninsula. P.k.lepidusBlyth,1845—SPoland,extremeESlovakia,Romania,Ukraine,WRussia,WKazakhstan,Caucasus,Anatolia,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Afghanistan,Pakistan,andIndia. P. k. marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830 — N Africa from Morocco E to Egypt . Descriptive notes. Head-body 40-55 mm, tail 30-45 mm, ear 12-13 mm, hindfoot 6-8 mm, forearm 30-3-37-4 mm; weight 5-10 g. Kuhl’s Pipistrelle has very variable fur color from dark to pale brown, rusty brown, or yellowish, with no sexual dimorphism. Contrast between dorsum and venter is not very clear, and although dorsal hair is often beige to ocher, ventral hair tends to be whitish or pale yellowish. Skin varies from dark brown to pale or reddish. Commonly, white stripe of different widths can be found at free edge of wing and tail membranes. In eastern forms,this line tends to be wider and, to some extent, diffuse. It is clearly different in color than Savi’s Pipistrelle ( Hypsugo savii ) and bigger than other African pipistrelle species such as the Dusky Pipistrelle ( P. hesperidus ). Wings are blackish or dark brown and broad (wingspan 210-230 mm), perfectly adapted to its erratic and agile flight in semi-open spaces. Penisis spear-shaped. Ears are short and triangular, with five small wrinkles protecting an inwardly curved and rounded tragus. Wing venation pattern is similar to that of the Common Pipistrelle ( P. pipistrellus ) but clearly distinct from those of Nathusius’s Pipistrelle ( P. nathusii ) and the Soprano Pipistrelle ( P. pygmaeus ). Baculum of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle is strongly curved, with bifurcations at tip and base. Skull is moderately robust compared with African pipistrelles; greatest skull lengths are 13-9-14 mm, condylo-basal length is c.13-2 mm, and zygomatic breadth is ¢. 9 mm ; rostrum is relatively long; forehead profile is moderately to weakly concave; dorsal margin of orbit is not inflated (unlike in the Dusky Pipistrelle); I* is long and clearly unicuspid, which greatly helps with identification in field in Europe, especially to distinguish Kuhl’s Pipistrelle from Nathusius’s Pipistrelle; I’ is very small and ¢.50% the height of I; P? is extremely small and hardly visible above gum, usually displaced lingually; C' and P* are in contact; and lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44, FNa = 50, and FN = 54. Habitat. Agricultural land and urban areas but also woodland edges, riparian forests, deserts and semi-deserts, oases, shrublands, alpine grasslands, and pastures from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2000 m (usually below 1000 m ). Kuhl’s Pipistrelle seems to avoid interiors of large continuous forests. Food and Feeding. Kuhl’s Pipistrelle feeds on small flying insects such as Diptera (nonbiting midges and mosquitoes), Psocoptera, Hymenoptera , Coleoptera , Lepidoptera , Hemiptera , Trichoptera, Homoptera , and Neuroptera . It is an aerial hawker, capturing insects in flight at 1-20 m aboveground. Breeding. Maternity colonies of Kuhl’s Pipistrelles can have tens to several hundred individuals (rarely exceed 200 individuals), almost all of them adult females and their young. These colonies are usually found in crevices or large empty cavities in buildings, bat boxes or hollow trees, andcliffs. In urban areas, nursery colonies are commonly found in window blinds, roll-down shutter boxes or roofing tiles, often causing some disturbances to the buildings’ owners due to strong smell and noise. Adult females start to congregate in mid-March, and they remain together until late August. They give birth, mostly to twins, from mid-June to July. Young females become reproductively active the first autumn of their life. During the mating period, a kind of swarming behavior occurs, and males try to attract females by displaying with flight displays or social calls from August to early November. Maximum longevity is less than eight years. Activity patterns. Flight of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle is slow, erratic, unpredictable but rather agile, and relatively maneuverable in cluttered spaces. Commuting flightis significant ly faster than foraging flight (9-3 m/s vs. 4-7 m/s). In cities, Kuhl’s Pipistrelle emerges quite early (although later than the Common Pipistrelle), a little before sunset, and can be observed foraging around streetlamps or following linear structures, alone or in groups. It has bimodal activity, with an activity peak during the first hours after sunset and a second activity peak before dawn. Although not many data are available during hibernation, they have been found hibernating in rock crevices, expansion joints, cellars, bridges, and buildings in the Balkans. Hibernation in some Mediterranean countries is commonly interrupted because they tend to forage during mild winter days. In some cases, they use the same roosts all year. Echolocation calls have typical pipistrelle-like pulses, with peak frequencies of c.34—41 kHz, sometimes overlapping with Savi’s Pipistrelle in the lowest frequencies and the Common Pipistrelle in the highest. Shape and frequency of calls are highly variable depending on environment, behavior, and weather conditions. Pulses are relatively long and can reach durations of up to 14 milliseconds. During acoustic surveys, Kuhl’s Pipistrelle can only be separated from Nathusius’s Pipistrelle using its social calls, which consist of two distinct quick FM pulses of c.14-16 kHz, but even this is sometimes problematic. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Kuhl’s Pipistrelle is not considered migratory but strictly sedentary. It probably moves some tens of kilometers between maternity, swarming, and hibernation locations. Short and medium distance movements and colonization of surrounding habitats can explain its expansive distribution. Widespread nature of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle across Europe and beyond seems to have been facilitated by the network of waterways and other landscape migration routes. During the maternity period, males and females roost separately. Sex ratio is usually 1:1. Maternity colonies are sometimes mixed colonies with other bat species such as the Common Pipistrelle or Savi’s Pipistrelle. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Kuhl’s Pipistrelle is considered one of the most adaptable bat species in Europe; it associates with humans, is widespread, and relatively abundant in most of its distribution. Its distribution seems to be expanding in the north and east. In some countries, such as Iran and the Caucasus region, it has been suggested that Kuhl’s Pipistrelles compete with and displace other sympatric species, such as the Common Pipistrelle and Savi’s Pipistrelle. The fact that Kuhl’s Pipistrelle is especially abundant in urban areas and villages can be explained by increased availability of roosts in roofs and wall crevices and insect availability around streetlamps. In fact, urban colonies have earlier parturition time and produced more young than those in rural areas. No major threats are recognized, but roost disturbance and direct persecution might affect local colonies. Bibliography. Ancillotto, Tomassini & Russo (2015), Arslan & Zima (2014), Aulagnier et al. (2009), Barti (2010), Beck (1995), Celuch & Sevéik (2006), Benda et al. (2015), Corbet (1978), Danko (2007), Dietz & Kiefer (2016), Dragu et al. (2007), Feldman et al. (2000), Gaikwad et al. (2012), Goiti, Vecin et al. (2003), Gopfert et al. (1995), Grodzinski et al. (2009), Hutterer et al. (2005), Juste & Paunovi¢ (2016b), Molur et al. (2002), Mufioz-Garcia et al. (2012), Pacifici et al. (2013), Pestano, Brown, Suarez & Fajardo (2003), Russo & Jones (1999, 2003), Sachanowicz, Piskorski & Tereba (2017), Sachanowicz, Wover & Bashta (2006), Sharifi et al. (2004), Simmons (2005), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Thomas (1902a), Uhrin et al. (2014), Vernier & Bogdanowicz (1999), Wawrocka et al. (2012).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	kuhlii	Kuhl	1817	1	Die Deutschen Flederm&auml;use, Hanau	p. 14	Kuhl's Pipistrelle	 albicans Monticelli, 1886; albolimbatus K&uuml;ster, 1835; alcythoe Bonaparte, 1837; deserti Thomas, 1902; marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830; marginatus Bonaparte, 1841 [not Cretzschmar, 1830]; minuta Loche, 1867; pallidus Heim de Balsac, 1936; pullatus Monticelli, 1886; saharae Heim de Balsac, 1936 [ nomen nudum ]; ursula Wagner, 1840; <b> ikhwanius </b> Cheesman and Hinton, 1924; latastei Laurent, 1937; <b> lepidus </b> Blyth, 1845; canus Blyth, 1863; leucotis Dobson, 1872; lobatus Jerdon, 1867; vispistrellus Bonaparte, 1837. <b>Unassigned:</b> calcarata Gray, 1838 [ nomen dubium ; locality unknown].	Italy, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste.	C Europe, Near East through the Caucasus to Kazakhstan and Pakistan; Egypt, N Sudan, Libya, Algeria, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Canary Isls., Cabo Verde, SW Asia.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Pipistrellus . Includes deserti; see Benda et al (2014). Does not include African populations (here referred to hesperidus ), see Kock (2001 b ). Includes Canary Isls populations referred to kuhlii by Pestano et al. (2003), and see Borloti et al. (2020) for additional discussion of the species occurrence in Cabo Verde. Individuals collected in Israel, Syria, and Iran may represent a separatespecies ( lepidus see Mayer et al. 2007). Reviewed in part by Harrsion and Bates (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For discussionof correct spelling ( kuhlii ) and authorship (Kuhl not Natterer), see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pipistrellus kuhlii	23	Kuhl's Pipistrelle	Kuhl's Bat|Kuhl's Pipistrelle Bat|Great Pipistrelle|White Stripe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	PIPISTRELLINI	Pipistrellus	NA	kuhlii	Natterer	1817	1						Trieste, Italy.			kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817)|aegyptius (J. B. Fischer, 1829)|marginatus (Cretzschmar, 1830)|albolimbatus (Küster, 1835)|alcythoe (Bonaparte, 1837)|vispistrellus (Bonaparte, 1837)|calcarata (J. E. Gray, 1838) [nomen nudum]|lepidus Blyth, 1845|marginatus Bonaparte, 1841 [preoccupied]|canus (Blyth, 1863)|lobatus (Jerdon, 1867)|minuta Loche, 1867|leucotis (Dobson, 1872)|albicans (Monticelli, 1886)|pullatus (Monticelli, 1886)|deserti O. Thomas, 1902|ikhwanius Cheesman & Hinton, 1924|pallidus Heim de Balsac, 1936|saharae Heim de Balsac, 1936 [nomen nudum]|latastei Laurent, 1937	includes deserti	Benda, P., Andriollo, T., & Ruedi, M. (2015). Systematic position and taxonomy of Pipistrellus deserti (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Mammalia, 79(4), 419-438.	Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Libya|Egypt|Spain|Portugal|France|Switzerland|Germany|Italy|Austria|Czech Republic|Slovenia|Hungary|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Albania|Montenegro|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Ukraine|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Saudi Arabia|Yemen|Oman|United Arab Emirates|Iraq|Iran|Turkmenistan|Uzbekistan|Kazakhstan|Afghanistan|Pakistan|India	Africa|Asia|Europe	Afrotropic|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_kuhlii	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_kuhlii	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	17314	Pipistrellus kuhlii	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Pipistrellus	kuhlii	(Kuhl, 1817)	Simmons (2005) considers sub-Saharan African and Canary Island populations to belong to a different species, P. hesperidus , but the taxonomic validity of that taxon, as well its relation with the African P. deserti needs further research. The species in Yemen requires taxonomic clarification (D. Kock pers. comm. 2005). Pipistrellus deserti is considered a junior synonym of P. kuhlii following Benda et al . (2014).	20000000	Pipistrellus kuhlii	Least Concern		2016	2016-04-25 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	The species is widespread and abundant, and populations are increasing in parts of the range. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern.	Kuhl's Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii ) ;forages over a variety of habitats, including agricultural and urban areas (including around street lights). Recent evidence suggests that urbanization may be beneficial to this species, in that colonies in urban and suburban areas advanced parturition and produced more offspring than colonies in rural areas, at least in central Italy (Ancillotto et al. ;2015). This bat feeds on small insects, including Diptera, Psocoptera, and Coleoptera. Summer maternity colonies are located in crevices in buildings. Winter sites include rock crevices and cellars, <span lang="EN-US">crevices in buildings in the Balkans. In North Africa this species is usually associated with human settlements, it forages in forest as well as semi-desert, and is common in the oases of the northern Sahara. ;It is found in temperate grassland and Mediterranean-type shrubland. Kuhl's Pipistrelle is probably a sedentary species (Hutterer et al. 2005).	No major threats are known. Use of pesticides to eradicate mosquitos (especially in urban areas) may be a threat in places.	It is a relatively abundant species in the Mediterranean region and Middle East. Populations in South Asia seem to be stable and doing well (Molur et al. 2002). Summer colonies typically number 30-100 individuals. In Iran and the Caucasus, the species' range is increasing and it is displacing P. pipistrellus (M. Sharifi and K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005). The northern border of the species' range is also expanding. It is very numerous in urban areas across much of its range.	Unknown	Kuhl's Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii ) ;is widespread in Africa, Europe and Asia. ;It ;has a large range extending from Iberia through southern Europe through the Near East and the Caucasus to Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and India (Molur 2002). There is a single record from China (Smith et al. 2008). The northern limit of its range in Europe was formerly ca ;45°N, but the species has been expanding northwards. It arrived 1994 in Vienna/Austria (48°N), and was more recently recorded to 50°N in France and 51°N in Ukraine. It has been expanding northwards in Russia for the last half century from 46°N to ca ; 53°N, with the highest record made at almost 57°N (S. Kruskop pers. comm. 2006). Recent records showed a wide distribution of Kuhl's Pipistrelle also in Romania (Barti 2010, Uhrin et al . 2014). Few individuals were found in Czech Republic, where this bat seems to hibernate and breed (Wawrocka ;et al. ;2012). It occurs from sea level to 2,000 m.		Terrestrial	It is protected by national law in most European range states. It is also protected under international legislation in parts of its range through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention, and is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats and Species Directive. It is found in a number of protected areas. No specific conservation actions are known.	Afrotropical|Palearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	kuhlii	Kuhl	1817	1	Die Deutschen Flederm&auml;use, Hanau	p. 14	Kuhl's Pipistrelle	 albicans Monticelli, 1886; albolimbatus K&uuml;ster, 1835; alcythoe Bonaparte, 1837; deserti Thomas, 1902; marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830; marginatus Bonaparte, 1841 [not Cretzschmar, 1830]; minuta Loche, 1867; pallidus Heim de Balsac, 1936; pullatus Monticelli, 1886; saharae Heim de Balsac, 1936 [ nomen nudum ]; ursula Wagner, 1840; <b> ikhwanius </b> Cheesman and Hinton, 1924; latastei Laurent, 1937; <b> lepidus </b> Blyth, 1845; canus Blyth, 1863; leucotis Dobson, 1872; lobatus Jerdon, 1867; vispistrellus Bonaparte, 1837. <b>Unassigned:</b> calcarata Gray, 1838 [ nomen dubium ; locality unknown].	Italy, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste.	C Europe, Near East through the Caucasus to Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Pakistan; Egypt, N Sudan, Libya, Algeria, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Canary Isls., Cabo Verde, SW Asia.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Pipistrellus . Includes deserti; see Benda et al (2014). Does not include African populations (here referred to hesperidus ), see Kock (2001 b ). Includes Canary Isls populations referred to kuhlii by Pestano et al. (2003), and see Borloti et al. (2020) for additional discussion of the species occurrence in Cabo Verde. Individuals collected in Israel, Syria, and Iran may represent a separatespecies ( lepidus see Mayer et al. 2007). Reviewed in part by Harrsion and Bates (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For discussionof correct spelling ( kuhlii ) and authorship (Kuhl not Natterer), see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998).	Pipistrellus kuhlii	1005623	23	Kuhl's Pipistrelle	Kuhl's Bat|Kuhl's Pipistrelle Bat|Great Pipistrelle|White Stripe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	PIPISTRELLINI	Pipistrellus	NA	kuhlii	Kuhl	1817	1						Trieste, Italy.			kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817)|aegyptius (J. B. Fischer, 1829)|marginatus (Cretzschmar, 1830)|albolimbatus (Küster, 1835)|alcythoe (Bonaparte, 1837)|vispistrellus (Bonaparte, 1837)|calcarata (J. E. Gray, 1838) [nomen nudum]|lepidus Blyth, 1845|marginatus Bonaparte, 1841 [preoccupied]|canus (Blyth, 1863)|lobatus (Jerdon, 1867)|minuta Loche, 1867|leucotis (Dobson, 1872)|albicans (Monticelli, 1886)|pullatus (Monticelli, 1886)|deserti O. Thomas, 1902|ikhwanius Cheesman & Hinton, 1924|pallidus Heim de Balsac, 1936|saharae Heim de Balsac, 1936 [nomen nudum]|latastei Laurent, 1937	includes deserti	Benda, P., Andriollo, T., & Ruedi, M. (2015). Systematic position and taxonomy of Pipistrellus deserti (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Mammalia, 79(4), 419-438.				Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Libya|Egypt|Spain|Portugal|France|Switzerland|Germany|Italy|Austria|Czech Republic|Slovenia|Hungary|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Albania|Montenegro|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Ukraine|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Saudi Arabia|Yemen|Oman|United Arab Emirates|Iraq|Iran|Turkmenistan|Uzbekistan|Kazakhstan|Afghanistan|Pakistan|India	Africa|Asia|Europe	Afrotropic|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_kuhlii	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_kuhlii	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pipistrellus_kuhlii	1005623	23	Kuhl's Pipistrelle	Kuhl's Bat|Kuhl's Pipistrelle Bat|Great Pipistrelle|White Stripe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Pipistrellini	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	kuhlii	Kuhl	1	Vespertilio kuhlii	Kuhl, H. 1817. Die deutschen Fledermäuse. None, Hanau, 67 pp.	https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30-91692		syntypes		Trieste, Italy.			includes deserti	Benda, P., Andriollo, T., & Ruedi, M. (2015). Systematic position and taxonomy of Pipistrellus deserti (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Mammalia, 79(4), 419-438.				Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Libya|Egypt|Spain|Portugal|France|Switzerland|Germany|Italy|Austria|Czech Republic|Slovenia|Hungary|Croatia|Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Albania|Montenegro|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Ukraine|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Saudi Arabia|Yemen|Oman|United Arab Emirates|Iraq|Iran|Turkmenistan|Uzbekistan|Kazakhstan|Afghanistan|Pakistan|India	Africa|Asia|Europe	Afrotropic|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_kuhlii	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_kuhlii	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	kuhlii	Kuhl	1817	1	Die Deutschen Flederm&auml;use, Hanau	p. 6, 55	Kuhl's Pipistrelle	albicans Monticelli, 1886; albolimbatus K&uuml;ster, 1835; alcythoe Bonaparte, 1837; deserti Thomas, 1902; marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830; marginatus Bonaparte, 1841 [not Cretzschmar, 1830]; minuta Loche, 1867; pallidus Heim de Balsac, 1936; pullatus Monticelli, 1886; saharae Heim de Balsac, 1936 [nomen nudum]; ursula Wagner, 1840; ikhwanius Cheesman and Hinton, 1924; latastei Laurent, 1937; lepidus Blyth, 1845; canus Blyth, 1863; leucotis Dobson, 1872; lobatus Jerdon, 1867; vispistrellus Bonaparte, 1837. Unassigned: calcarata Gray, 1838 [nomen dubium; locality unknown].	Italy, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste.	C Europe, Near East through the Caucasus to Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Pakistan; Egypt, N Sudan, Libya, Algeria, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Canary Isls., Cabo Verde, SW Asia.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17314/22132946/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Subgenus Pipistrellus. Includes deserti; see Benda et al (2014). Does not include African populations (here referred to hesperidus), see Kock (2001b). Includes Canary Isls populations referred to kuhlii by Pestano et al. (2003), and see Borloti et al. (2020) for additional discussion of the species occurrence in Cabo Verde. Individuals collected in Israel, Syria, and Iran may represent a separatespecies (lepidus see Mayer et al. 2007). Reviewed in part by Harrsion and Bates (1991) and Bates and Harrison (1997). For discussionof correct spelling (kuhlii) and authorship (Kuhl not Natterer), see Bogdanowicz and Kock (1998). For records from Tajikistan see KÅ‚ys and Lis (2022).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pipistrellus kuhlii; Pipistrellus kuhlii; Pipistrellus kuhlii; Pipistrellus kuhlii; Pipistrellus kuhlii; Pipistrellus kuhlii; kuhlii; ikhwanius; lepidus; albicans; albolimbatus; alcythoe; marginatus; minuta; pallidus; pullatus; saharae; ursula; ikhwanius - latastei; lepidus - canus; leucotis; lobatus; vispistrellus; Unassigned - calcarata; kuhlii; tkhwanius; lepidus; marginatus; ikhwanius; lepidus; albicans; albolimbatus; alcythoe; deserti; marginatus; minuta; pallidus; pullatus; saharae; ursula; ikhwanius - latastei; lepidus - canus; leucotis; lobatus; vispistrellus; Unassigned - calcarata; kuhlii; aegyptius; marginatus; albolimbatus; alcythoe; vispistrellus; calcarata; lepidus; marginatus; canus; lobatus; minuta; leucotis; albicans; pullatus; deserti; ikhwanius; pallidus; saharae; latastei; Pipistrelle de Kuhl; Wei Rrandfledermaus; Pipistrelade borde claro; Kuhl's Bat; Kuhl’s Pipistrelle Bat; Great Pipistrelle; White Stripe Bat; Kuhl's Pipistrelle; Kuhl's Bat; Kuhl's Pipistrelle Bat; Great Pipistrelle; White Stripe Bat; Kuhl's Pipistrelle; Kuhl's Pipistrelle; P. kuhlii