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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1157	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Pipistrellus hesperidus	Pipistrellus hesperidus	Pipistrellus hesperidus	Pipistrellus hesperidus	Pipistrellus hesperidus	Pipistrellus hesperidus	Pipistrellus hesperidus	Pipistrellus hesperidus	Pipistrellus hesperidus	Pipistrellus hesperidus		[MSW3] Subgenus Pipistrellus. Distinct from kuhlii, see Kock (2001b). Lectotype designated by Kock (2001b). Chromosomal differences between populations in South Africa/Madagascar and those in N Africa strongly suggest that the southern populations (for which subtilis is apparently the oldest name) represent a distinct species (Volleth et al., 2001). Similarly, differences in ectoparasites suggest that North African and Afrotropical forms may represent different species (Kock, 2001b). It thus seems clear that more than one species is present in this complex. However, allocation of many populations is uncertain, taxonomic limits have not yet been adequately described, and holotypes of several important forms (e.g., subtilis) have not been reexamined (Kock et al., 2001b; Volleth et al., 2001). I therefore treat this complex as a single taxon, recognizing the following subspecies (which may be shown to be distinct species): hesperidus (Northeastern Africa), fuscatus (Afrotropical regions excluding Southern Africa and Madagascar), and subtilis (Southern Africa and Madagascar).; [HMW] Vespertilio hesperida [sic] Temminck, 1840 , “Les bords de la Mer rouge vers les cotés d’Abyssinie [= the shores of the Red Sea toward the coast of Ethiopia ].” Pipistrellus hesperidus has generally been considered a synonym of P. kuhliz; however, it is now recognized as a distinct species because of its morphological and genetic distinctions. Pipistrellus hesperidus seems to be sister to P. rusticus based on limited genetic data and chromosomal similarities. Exact distributional limits between P. /esperidus and P. kuhlii are uncertain. Canary Islands populations might represent either species and are tentatively included under P. hesperidus here. There is considerable variation in morphology across the current distribution of P. hesperidus . Subspecies recognized here almost certainly represent distinct species based on genetic and karyological grounds; however, not all populations have been tested, making it difficult to assign them to a species. West African populations mightalso represent a fourth distinct taxon based on high genetic distance and distinct karyotype from southern African populations. There is also considerable divergence between Madagascan and mainland populations, indicating that Madagascar specimens also represent a distinct species, for which the name humbloti might be available (the name was recently allocated to P. hesperidus based on examination of syntypes for the name). Distributions of subspecies are estimates. Three subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Pipistrellus . Distinct from kuhlii , see Kock (2001 b ). Lectotype designated by Kock (2001 b ).Chromosomal differences between populations in South Africa/Madagascar and those in N Africa strongly suggest that the southern populations(for which subtilis is apparently the oldest name) represent a distinct species (Volleth et al., 2001). Similarly, differences in ectoparasites suggest that North African and Afrotropical forms may represent different species (Kock, 2001 b ). It thus seems clearthat more than one species is present in this complex. However, allocation of many populations is uncertain, taxonomic limits have not yet beenadequately described, and holotypes of several important forms (e.g., subtilis ) have not been reexamined (Kock et al., 2001 b ;Volleth et al., 2001). I therefore treat this complex as a single taxon, recognizing the following subspecies (which may be shown to bedistinct species): hesperidus (Northeastern Africa), fuscatus (Afrotropical regions excluding Southern Africa and Madagascar), and subtilis (Southern Africa and Madagascar).; [IUCN] Previously included within Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817), this species was later reclassified as a distinct species, P . hesperidus , based on morphological and karyotype evidence (Kock 2001, Kearney et al. 2002). Five African subspecies were listed by Hayman and Hill (1971), including P . h . broomi (Roberts, 1948) from KwaZulu-Natal and subtilis from other regions of southern Africa and Madagascar (ACR 2015). Recent research suggests that three of these subspecies may require elevation to species level (Koubínová et al. 2013), but further investigation is necessary to validate these suggestions and better determine the range of this species.; [batnames2023] Subgenus Pipistrellus . Distinct from kuhlii , see Kock (2001 b ). Lectotype designated by Kock (2001 b ).Chromosomal differences between populations in South Africa/Madagascar and those in N Africa strongly suggest that the southern populations(for which subtilis is apparently the oldest name) represent a distinct species (Volleth et al., 2001). Similarly, differences in ectoparasites suggest that North African and Afrotropical forms may represent different species (Kock, 2001 b ). It thus seems clearthat more than one species is present in this complex. However, allocation of many populations is uncertain, taxonomic limits have not yet beenadequately described, and holotypes of several important forms (e.g., subtilis ) have not been reexamined (Kock et al., 2001 b ;Volleth et al., 2001). I therefore treat this complex as a single taxon, recognizing the following subspecies (which may be shown to bedistinct species): hesperidus (Northeastern Africa), fuscatus (Afrotropical regions excluding Southern Africa and Madagascar), and subtilis (Southern Africa and Madagascar).; [batnames2025_1.7] Subgenus Pipistrellus. Distinct from kuhlii, see Kock (2001b). Lectotype designated by Kock (2001b).Chromosomal differences between populations in South Africa/Madagascar and those in N Africa strongly suggest that the southern populations(for which subtilis is apparently the oldest name) represent a distinct species (Volleth et al., 2001). Similarly, differences in ectoparasites suggest that North African and Afrotropical forms may represent different species (Kock, 2001b). It thus seems clear that more than one species is present in this complex. However, allocation of many populations is uncertain, taxonomic limits have not yet been adequately described, and holotypes of several important forms (e.g., subtilis) have not been reexamined (Kock et al., 2001b;Volleth et al., 2001). We therefore treat this complex as a single taxon, recognizing the following subspecies (which may be shown to be distinct species): hesperidus (Northeastern Africa), fuscatus (Afrotropical regions excluding Southern Africa and Madagascar), and subtilis (Southern Africa and Madagascar). Includes humbloti as a synonym of subtilis; see Goodman et al. (2015).								hesperidus, fuscatus, subtilis	subtilis - broomi; Unassigned - platycephlus	hesperidus, fuscatus, subtilis		hesperidus, fuscatus, subtilis	subtilis - broomi; Unassigned - platycephlus	platycephalus, hesperidus, subtilis, fuscatus, broomi	Previously included within Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817), this species was later reclassified as a distinct species, P . hesperidus , based on morphological and karyotype evidence (Kock 2001, Kearney et al. 2002). Five African subspecies were listed by Hayman and Hill (1971), including P . h . broomi (Roberts, 1948) from KwaZulu-Natal and subtilis from other regions of southern Africa and Madagascar (ACR 2015). Recent research suggests that three of these subspecies may require elevation to species level (Koubínová et al. 2013), but further investigation is necessary to validate these suggestions and better determine the range of this species.	hesperidus, fuscatus, subtilis, Unassigned	subtilis - broomi, humbloti; Unassigned - platycephlus	platycephalus, hesperidus, subtilis, fuscatus, broomi 	hesperidus, subtilis, humbloti, fuscatus, broomi	fuscatus, hesperidus, subtilis	platycephlus; subtilis - broomi, humbloti 	hesperidus (Temminck, 1840)|subtilis (Sundevall, 1847)|humbloti (A. Milne-Edwards, 1881)|fuscatus O. Thomas, 1901|broomi A. Roberts, 1948						N/A																																								_P. h. fuscatus_ Thomas, 1901; _P. h. hesperidus_ (Temminck, 1840); _P. h. subtilis_ (Sundevall, 1847) (synonyms: _broomi_ Roberts, 1948, _humbloti_ (Milne-Edwards, 1881))			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Pipistrellini	Pipistrellus hesperidus	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	hesperidus	Temminck	y	1840		Monograph. Mammal... Musées de l'Europe	2		211		Dusky Pipistrelle	Not definitely identifiable, although known to be from the Red Sea coast of Africa; probably Ethiopia, probably Shewa Province [= Shoa] (see discussion in Kock, 2001b).	Cape Verde Isls, Canary Isls, Liberia, Chad, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), Nigeria, Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, Madagascar.	IUCN 2003 – Not evaluated; not considered in IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001).	fuscatus Thomas, 1901; subtilis Sundevall, 1846; broomi Roberts, 1948. Unassigned: platycephlus Temminck, 1832 [nomen dubium].	Subgenus Pipistrellus. Distinct from kuhlii, see Kock (2001b). Lectotype designated by Kock (2001b). Chromosomal differences between populations in South Africa/Madagascar and those in N Africa strongly suggest that the southern populations (for which subtilis is apparently the oldest name) represent a distinct species (Volleth et al., 2001). Similarly, differences in ectoparasites suggest that North African and Afrotropical forms may represent different species (Kock, 2001b). It thus seems clear that more than one species is present in this complex. However, allocation of many populations is uncertain, taxonomic limits have not yet been adequately described, and holotypes of several important forms (e.g., subtilis) have not been reexamined (Kock et al., 2001b; Volleth et al., 2001). I therefore treat this complex as a single taxon, recognizing the following subspecies (which may be shown to be distinct species): hesperidus (Northeastern Africa), fuscatus (Afrotropical regions excluding Southern Africa and Madagascar), and subtilis (Southern Africa and Madagascar).	4C3D87E8FFEB6A55FA549A381702BF76	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	774	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFEB6A55FA549A381702BF76.xml	Pipistrellus hesperidus	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	hesperidus		1840	Pipistrelle hespéride @fr | Abendstern-Zwergfledermaus @de | Pipistrelaafricana @es | African Pipistrelle @en	Vespertilio hesperida [sic] Temminck, 1840 , “Les bords de la Mer rouge vers les cotés d’Abyssinie [= the shores of the Red Sea toward the coast of Ethiopia ].” Pipistrellus hesperidus has generally been considered a synonym of P. kuhliz; however, it is now recognized as a distinct species because of its morphological and genetic distinctions. Pipistrellus hesperidus seems to be sister to P. rusticus based on limited genetic data and chromosomal similarities. Exact distributional limits between P. /esperidus and P. kuhlii are uncertain. Canary Islands populations might represent either species and are tentatively included under P. hesperidus here. There is considerable variation in morphology across the current distribution of P. hesperidus . Subspecies recognized here almost certainly represent distinct species based on genetic and karyological grounds; however, not all populations have been tested, making it difficult to assign them to a species. West African populations mightalso represent a fourth distinct taxon based on high genetic distance and distinct karyotype from southern African populations. There is also considerable divergence between Madagascan and mainland populations, indicating that Madagascar specimens also represent a distinct species, for which the name humbloti might be available (the name was recently allocated to P. hesperidus based on examination of syntypes for the name). Distributions of subspecies are estimates. Three subspecies recognized.	P.h.hesperidusTemminck,1840—EAfricainEritrea,Djibouti,Ethiopia,SWSudan,SouthSudan,andNE&SSomalia. P.h.fuscatusThomas,1901—EAfricainEDRCongo,Uganda,Kenya,Rwanda,Burundi,andTanzania. P. h. subtilis Sundevall, 1846 — S Africa in NC, C & W Angola , Zambia , Malawi , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , NC Botswana , E & South Africa , Swaziland , Lesotho , and along the W coast of Madagascar . There are also records on Canary and Cape Verde Is and in W Africa in W & SE Senegal , N Liberia , SE Ivory Coast , SC Burkina Faso , SE Ghana , SW Niger , NC Nigeria , W Cameroon , and Bioko I, although exact placement of these populations among taxa currently recognized under the P. hesperidus species complex is uncertain. A thorough investigation of records of this species is needed.	Head-body 43-55 mm, tail 20-41 mm, ear 6-15 mm, hindfoot 5-9 mm, forearm 27-38 mm; weight 3-5-9 g. The Dusky Pipistrelle is highly variable. Pelage is dense and soft. Dorsum ranges between pale grayish brown and reddish brown to darker dark brown and nearly black pelage. Ventral pelage is cream, creamy orange, orangish red, reddish brown, or dark brown (matching a lighter version of dorsum). Naked face is dark brown, and ears are dark reddish brown, with rounded tips. Tragus is widestjust below mid-height, has rounded tip, and is nearly straight anteriorly; posterior margin is smoothly convex, with small basal lobe. Wing membrane is pale brown to blackish brown, being darker or lighter with pelage, and has no white hind border. Uropatagium is paler than wing membrane and stretches more or lessto tail tip from calcar. Baculum is curved upward near base, has two small lobesat tip, and has notch at base rather than completely splitting into two lobes. Skull is moderate in size and moderately robust compared with other African Pipistrellus ; braincase is relatively high and moderate in breadth; and interorbital region is of medium relative breadth. Dorsal margin of orbit is slightly but conspicuously inflated (in dorsal view, upper rim of orbit bulges outward, unlike straight orbit of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, P. kuhlii ); forehead is moderately concave; I? is unicuspid (lacking posterior basal cusp); P* is present and ranges from medium in size to tiny, usually visible above gum and variably within and completely displaced lingually from tooth row; C' and P* vary from being well separated to in contact; M? is large and comparatively broad, with long third ridge and wide gap between protocone and metacone; and lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has FNa =58, and FN = 62 ( Senegal ) or 2n = 42 and FNa = 50 (southern Africa and Madagascar ).	[Lowland and relict rainforests, montane forests, forest-grassland mosaics among other montane vegetation, coastal forests, Acacia ( Fabaceae )— Commiphora Burseraceae ) bushland, miombo woodlands, farmland, and occasionally human settlements from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 3000 m (Ethiopian Highlands). Distribution is determined by annual precipitation. The Dusky Pipistrelle is found where water is available; it is absent from drier regions in South Africa .	Dusky Pipistrelles are insectivorous. They forage by slow hawking in areas with moderately cluttered vegetation, such as between tree trunks, in and above canopies, in clearings, around houses, and near water. They eat insects, including Lepidoptera , Coleoptera , Hemiptera , Diptera , Trichoptera , Hymenoptera , Orthoptera , and Blattodea . In summer, they seem to favor Diptera and Hemiptera in KwaZulu-Natal , eastern South Africa . They eat some species that are generally considered pests to agriculture.	Litter size of the Dusky Pipistrelle is usually two young, rarely one (at least in Malawi and South Africa ). In Malawi , 14 pregnant and two lactating females were captured in October-November; another eight lactating females were captured in December. In the same area, no reproductively active females were captured in May-June, and two post-lactating females were captured in March-April. This chronology suggests that the Dusky Pipistrelle is seasonally monoestrous, with births in November— December (wet season in Malawi ). Pregnant females in South Africa were recorded in October-November and non-pregnant females in December, March, and May.	Dusky Pipistrelles emerge from their roosts at dusk and are active for several hours after sunset, with small activity peak at dawn. Day roosts have been found in a variety of secluded places, including cracks in rock, behind loose bark of dead trees, hollow trees, under roofs, and crevices of buildings. Torpid individuals have been observed during the day at ambient temperatures of 21-24°C in Malawi . Searchphase call shape is steep FM/QCEF, with QCF part varying in duration. In Malawi , calls have start frequencies of 63-86 kHz, end frequencies of 44-50 kHz, peak frequencies of 45-50 kHz, and durations of 2-7 milliseconds. Frequencies of 85-45 kHz have been recorded in Zimbabwe . Recordings in South Africa had start frequency of 65-7 kHz, end frequency of 48-7 kHz, peak frequency of 50-3 kHz, and duration of 3-5 milliseconds (averages). In Swaziland , recordings had minimum frequencies of 41-7-49-1 kHz and durations of 2-4—4-5 milliseconds. Reported predators include the common fiscal (Lanius collaris) in Kenya and the little sparrowhawk (Accipiter minullus) in South Africa .	Dusky Pipistrelles roost in groups of up to twelve individuals and seem fairly social. When one individual is captured in a mist net, it emits audible calls that attract conspecifics.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Dusky Pipistrelle is widespread throughout Africa, but it does not seem to be particularly common in much of its distribution. No major threats are currently known.	ACR (2018) | Babiker Salata (2012) | Bates et al. (2006) | Eisentraut (1968) | Fahr (2007) | Goodman, Rakotondramanana et al. (2015) | Goodman, Rasoanoro et al. (2014) | Hill & Harrison (1987) | Kearney ( 2013g) | Kearney et al. (2002) | Kemp & Rautenbach (1987) | Kock (2001b) | Koubinova et al. (2013) | Kruskop et al. (2016) | Linden et al. (2014) | Monadjem, Shapiro et al. (2017) | Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010) | Naidoo et al. (2011) | Patterson & Webala (2012) | Piraccini (2016c¢) | Rautenbach et al. (1993) | Schoeman & Waddington (2011) | Schwan & Hikes (1979) | Smithers & Lobao Tello (1976) | Stanley & Goodman (2011) | Taylor (1998) | Taylor, Bohmann etal. (2013) | Taylor, Matamba et al. (2017) | Taylor, Sowler et al. (2013) | Volleth et al. (2001)	https://zenodo.org/record/6397822/files/figure.png	25. Dusky Pipistrelle Pipistrellus hesperidus French: Pipistrelle hespéride / German: Abendstern-Zwergfledermaus / Spanish: Pipistrela africana Other common names: African Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Vespertilio hesperida [sic] Temminck, 1840 , “Les bords de la Mer rouge vers les cotés d’Abyssinie [= the shores of the Red Sea toward the coast of Ethiopia ].” Pipistrellus hesperidus has generally been considered a synonym of P. kuhliz; however, it is now recognized as a distinct species because of its morphological and genetic distinctions. Pipistrellus hesperidus seems to be sister to P. rusticus based on limited genetic data and chromosomal similarities. Exact distributional limits between P. /esperidus and P. kuhlii are uncertain. Canary Islands populations might represent either species and are tentatively included under P. hesperidus here. There is considerable variation in morphology across the current distribution of P. hesperidus . Subspecies recognized here almost certainly represent distinct species based on genetic and karyological grounds; however, not all populations have been tested, making it difficult to assign them to a species. West African populations mightalso represent a fourth distinct taxon based on high genetic distance and distinct karyotype from southern African populations. There is also considerable divergence between Madagascan and mainland populations, indicating that Madagascar specimens also represent a distinct species, for which the name humbloti might be available (the name was recently allocated to P. hesperidus based on examination of syntypes for the name). Distributions of subspecies are estimates. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.h.hesperidusTemminck,1840—EAfricainEritrea,Djibouti,Ethiopia,SWSudan,SouthSudan,andNE&SSomalia. P.h.fuscatusThomas,1901—EAfricainEDRCongo,Uganda,Kenya,Rwanda,Burundi,andTanzania. P. h. subtilis Sundevall, 1846 — S Africa in NC, C & W Angola , Zambia , Malawi , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , NC Botswana , E & South Africa , Swaziland , Lesotho , and along the W coast of Madagascar . There are also records on Canary and Cape Verde Is and in W Africa in W & SE Senegal , N Liberia , SE Ivory Coast , SC Burkina Faso , SE Ghana , SW Niger , NC Nigeria , W Cameroon , and Bioko I, although exact placement of these populations among taxa currently recognized under the P. hesperidus species complex is uncertain. A thorough investigation of records of this species is needed. Descriptive notes. Head-body 43-55 mm, tail 20-41 mm, ear 6-15 mm, hindfoot 5-9 mm, forearm 27-38 mm; weight 3-5-9 g. The Dusky Pipistrelle is highly variable. Pelage is dense and soft. Dorsum ranges between pale grayish brown and reddish brown to darker dark brown and nearly black pelage. Ventral pelage is cream, creamy orange, orangish red, reddish brown, or dark brown (matching a lighter version of dorsum). Naked face is dark brown, and ears are dark reddish brown, with rounded tips. Tragus is widestjust below mid-height, has rounded tip, and is nearly straight anteriorly; posterior margin is smoothly convex, with small basal lobe. Wing membrane is pale brown to blackish brown, being darker or lighter with pelage, and has no white hind border. Uropatagium is paler than wing membrane and stretches more or lessto tail tip from calcar. Baculum is curved upward near base, has two small lobesat tip, and has notch at base rather than completely splitting into two lobes. Skull is moderate in size and moderately robust compared with other African Pipistrellus ; braincase is relatively high and moderate in breadth; and interorbital region is of medium relative breadth. Dorsal margin of orbit is slightly but conspicuously inflated (in dorsal view, upper rim of orbit bulges outward, unlike straight orbit of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, P. kuhlii ); forehead is moderately concave; I? is unicuspid (lacking posterior basal cusp); P* is present and ranges from medium in size to tiny, usually visible above gum and variably within and completely displaced lingually from tooth row; C' and P* vary from being well separated to in contact; M? is large and comparatively broad, with long third ridge and wide gap between protocone and metacone; and lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has FNa =58, and FN = 62 ( Senegal ) or 2n = 42 and FNa = 50 (southern Africa and Madagascar ). Habitat. [Lowland and relict rainforests, montane forests, forest-grassland mosaics among other montane vegetation, coastal forests, Acacia ( Fabaceae )— Commiphora Burseraceae ) bushland, miombo woodlands, farmland, and occasionally human settlements from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 3000 m (Ethiopian Highlands). Distribution is determined by annual precipitation. The Dusky Pipistrelle is found where water is available; it is absent from drier regions in South Africa . Food and Feeding. Dusky Pipistrelles are insectivorous. They forage by slow hawking in areas with moderately cluttered vegetation, such as between tree trunks, in and above canopies, in clearings, around houses, and near water. They eat insects, including Lepidoptera , Coleoptera , Hemiptera , Diptera , Trichoptera , Hymenoptera , Orthoptera , and Blattodea . In summer, they seem to favor Diptera and Hemiptera in KwaZulu-Natal , eastern South Africa . They eat some species that are generally considered pests to agriculture. Breeding. Litter size of the Dusky Pipistrelle is usually two young, rarely one (at least in Malawi and South Africa ). In Malawi , 14 pregnant and two lactating females were captured in October-November; another eight lactating females were captured in December. In the same area, no reproductively active females were captured in May-June, and two post-lactating females were captured in March-April. This chronology suggests that the Dusky Pipistrelle is seasonally monoestrous, with births in November— December (wet season in Malawi ). Pregnant females in South Africa were recorded in October-November and non-pregnant females in December, March, and May. Activity patterns. Dusky Pipistrelles emerge from their roosts at dusk and are active for several hours after sunset, with small activity peak at dawn. Day roosts have been found in a variety of secluded places, including cracks in rock, behind loose bark of dead trees, hollow trees, under roofs, and crevices of buildings. Torpid individuals have been observed during the day at ambient temperatures of 21-24°C in Malawi . Searchphase call shape is steep FM/QCEF, with QCF part varying in duration. In Malawi , calls have start frequencies of 63-86 kHz, end frequencies of 44-50 kHz, peak frequencies of 45-50 kHz, and durations of 2-7 milliseconds. Frequencies of 85-45 kHz have been recorded in Zimbabwe . Recordings in South Africa had start frequency of 65-7 kHz, end frequency of 48-7 kHz, peak frequency of 50-3 kHz, and duration of 3-5 milliseconds (averages). In Swaziland , recordings had minimum frequencies of 41-7-49-1 kHz and durations of 2-4—4-5 milliseconds. Reported predators include the common fiscal (Lanius collaris) in Kenya and the little sparrowhawk (Accipiter minullus) in South Africa . Movements, Home range and Social organization. Dusky Pipistrelles roost in groups of up to twelve individuals and seem fairly social. When one individual is captured in a mist net, it emits audible calls that attract conspecifics. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Dusky Pipistrelle is widespread throughout Africa, but it does not seem to be particularly common in much of its distribution. No major threats are currently known. Bibliography. ACR (2018), Babiker Salata (2012), Bates et al. (2006), Eisentraut (1968), Fahr (2007), Goodman, Rakotondramanana et al. (2015), Goodman, Rasoanoro et al. (2014), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kearney ( 2013g ), Kearney et al. (2002), Kemp & Rautenbach (1987), Kock (2001b), Koubinova et al. (2013), Kruskop et al. (2016), Linden et al. (2014), Monadjem, Shapiro et al. (2017), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Naidoo et al. (2011), Patterson & Webala (2012), Piraccini (2016c¢), Rautenbach et al. (1993), Schoeman & Waddington (2011), Schwan & Hikes (1979), Smithers & Lobao Tello (1976), Stanley & Goodman (2011), Taylor (1998), Taylor, Bohmann etal. (2013), Taylor, Matamba et al. (2017), Taylor, Sowler et al. (2013), Volleth et al. (2001).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus hesperidus	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	hesperidus	Temminck	1840	1	Monograph. Mammal... Mus&eacute;es de l'Europe	0.2299	Dusky Pipistrelle	<b> fuscatus </b>Thomas, 1901; <b> subtilis </b>Sundevall, 1846; broomi Roberts, 1948. <b>Unassigned: </b> platycephlus Temminck, 1832 [ nomen dubium ].	Not definitely identifiable, although known to be from the Red Sea coast of Africa; probably Ethiopia, probably Shewa Province [= Shoa] (see discussion in Kock, 2001b).	Liberia, Chad, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), Nigeria, Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, Madagascar.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Pipistrellus . Distinct from kuhlii , see Kock (2001 b ). Lectotype designated by Kock (2001 b ).Chromosomal differences between populations in South Africa/Madagascar and those in N Africa strongly suggest that the southern populations(for which subtilis is apparently the oldest name) represent a distinct species (Volleth et al., 2001). Similarly, differences in ectoparasites suggest that North African and Afrotropical forms may represent different species (Kock, 2001 b ). It thus seems clearthat more than one species is present in this complex. However, allocation of many populations is uncertain, taxonomic limits have not yet beenadequately described, and holotypes of several important forms (e.g., subtilis ) have not been reexamined (Kock et al., 2001 b ;Volleth et al., 2001). I therefore treat this complex as a single taxon, recognizing the following subspecies (which may be shown to bedistinct species): hesperidus (Northeastern Africa), fuscatus (Afrotropical regions excluding Southern Africa and Madagascar), and subtilis (Southern Africa and Madagascar).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pipistrellus hesperidus	23	Dusky Pipistrelle	African Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	PIPISTRELLINI	Pipistrellus	NA	hesperidus	Temminck	1840	1	Vespertilio_hesperida	Temminck, C. J. (1840). Monographies de mammalogie, ou Description de quelques genres de mammifères, dont les espèces ont été observées dans les différens musées de l'Europe. Vol. 2. Leiden, 211.	https://www.google.com/books/edition/Monographies_de_mammalogie/yHQQAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=temminck+monographies+de+mammalogie&printsec=frontcover	SMF 12381 [lectotype]		"Les bords de la Mer rouge vers les côtés d'Abyssinie [= the shores of the Red Sea toward the coast of Ethiopia]."			platycephalus (Temminck, 1832) [nomen dubium]|hesperidus (Temminck, 1840)|subtilis (Sundevall, 1846)|fuscatus O. Thomas, 1901|broomi Roberts, 1948	NA	NA	Canary Islands|Cabo Verde|Senegal|Liberia|Côte d'Ivoire|Burkina Faso|Ghana|Niger|Nigeria|Cameroon|Equatorial Guinea|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Burundi|Tanzania|Eritrea|Djibouti|Ethiopia|Sudan|South Sudan|Somalia|Angola|Zambia|Malawi|Mozambique|Zimbabwe|Botswana|South Africa|Eswatini|Lesotho|Madagascar	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_hesperidus	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_hesperidus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	136741	Pipistrellus hesperidus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Pipistrellus	hesperidus	(Temminck, 1840)	Previously included within Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817), this species was later reclassified as a distinct species, P . hesperidus , based on morphological and karyotype evidence (Kock 2001, Kearney et al. 2002). Five African subspecies were listed by Hayman and Hill (1971), including P . h . broomi (Roberts, 1948) from KwaZulu-Natal and subtilis from other regions of southern Africa and Madagascar (ACR 2015). Recent research suggests that three of these subspecies may require elevation to species level (Koubínová et al. 2013), but further investigation is necessary to validate these suggestions and better determine the range of this species.	20000000	Pipistrellus hesperidus	Least Concern		2016	2016-04-25 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	Records from Zimbabwe were made in the vicinity of streams and rivers, and their distribution in eastern southern Africa suggests that they prefer well-watered areas (Skinner and Chimimba 2005). Individuals have been recorded from narrow cracks in rocks and under the loose bark of trees (Skinner and Chimimba 2005). Bates et al. (2006) note that 'In the Parc National de Kirindy-Mitea, 14 individuals were captured within two hours of sunset in an open saltpan habitat next to freshwater pools at the foot of coastal sand dunes'.	There appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole.	There is little information available on the abundance of this species, however, it is not very common in southern Africa (Skinner and Chimimba 2005).	Unknown	This species has been recorded over much of sub-Saharan Africa. It ranges from the Cape Verde Islands, to Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire, to Nigeria, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), western Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia, into Kenya and Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Angola, being found as far south as eastern and southern South Africa and possibly Swaziland. There are a few records of this species from central western Madagascar (Bates et al. 2006). The current identity of bats from the Arabian Peninsula formerly allocated to Pipistrellus kuhlii is unclear and some records might refer to P. hesperidus . Simmons (2005) also indicates that this species is present in the Canary Islands (Spain) however, this distribution needs to be confirmed and is not included here. Animals from North Africa are referable to Pipistrellus kuhlii .		Terrestrial	In view of the species' wide range it is presumably present in a number of protected areas. It has been recorded from the Parc National de Kirindy-Mitea on Madagascar (Bates et al. 2006). Additional taxonomic studies are needed to better define the extent of the species range relative to other species of Pipistrellus .	Afrotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	hesperidus	Temminck	1840	1	Monograph. Mammal... Mus&eacute;es de l'Europe	0.229861	Dusky Pipistrelle	<b> fuscatus </b>Thomas, 1901; <b> subtilis </b>Sundevall, 1846; broomi Roberts, 1948. <b>Unassigned: </b> platycephlus Temminck, 1832 [ nomen dubium ].	Not definitely identifiable, although known to be from the Red Sea coast of Africa; probably Ethiopia, probably Shewa Province [= Shoa] (see discussion in Kock, 2001b).	Liberia, Chad, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), Nigeria, Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, Madagascar.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Pipistrellus . Distinct from kuhlii , see Kock (2001 b ). Lectotype designated by Kock (2001 b ).Chromosomal differences between populations in South Africa/Madagascar and those in N Africa strongly suggest that the southern populations(for which subtilis is apparently the oldest name) represent a distinct species (Volleth et al., 2001). Similarly, differences in ectoparasites suggest that North African and Afrotropical forms may represent different species (Kock, 2001 b ). It thus seems clearthat more than one species is present in this complex. However, allocation of many populations is uncertain, taxonomic limits have not yet beenadequately described, and holotypes of several important forms (e.g., subtilis ) have not been reexamined (Kock et al., 2001 b ;Volleth et al., 2001). I therefore treat this complex as a single taxon, recognizing the following subspecies (which may be shown to bedistinct species): hesperidus (Northeastern Africa), fuscatus (Afrotropical regions excluding Southern Africa and Madagascar), and subtilis (Southern Africa and Madagascar).	Pipistrellus hesperidus	1005620	23	Dusky Pipistrelle	African Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	PIPISTRELLINI	Pipistrellus	NA	hesperidus	Temminck	1840	1	Vespertilio_hesperida	Temminck, C. J. (1840). Monographies de mammalogie, ou Description de quelques genres de mammifères, dont les espèces ont été observées dans les différens musées de l'Europe. Vol. 2. Leiden, 211.	https://www.google.com/books/edition/Monographies_de_mammalogie/yHQQAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=temminck+monographies+de+mammalogie&printsec=frontcover	SMF 12381 [lectotype]		"Les bords de la Mer rouge vers les côtés d'Abyssinie [= the shores of the Red Sea toward the coast of Ethiopia]."			platycephalus (Temminck, 1832) [nomen dubium]|hesperidus (Temminck, 1840)|subtilis (Sundevall, 1846)|fuscatus O. Thomas, 1901|broomi Roberts, 1948	NA	NA				Canary Islands|Cabo Verde|Senegal|Liberia|Côte d'Ivoire|Burkina Faso|Ghana|Niger|Nigeria|Cameroon|Equatorial Guinea|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Burundi|Tanzania|Eritrea|Djibouti|Ethiopia|Sudan|South Sudan|Somalia|Angola|Zambia|Malawi|Mozambique|Zimbabwe|Botswana|South Africa|Eswatini|Lesotho|Madagascar	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_hesperidus	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_hesperidus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pipistrellus_hesperidus	1005620	23	Dusky Pipistrelle	African Pipistrelle	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Pipistrellini	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	hesperidus	Temminck	1	Vespertilio hesperida	Temminck, C.J. 1840. Livraison 3. Pp. 141–272 in Temminck, C.J. 1835-1841. Monographies de Mammalogie. Tome second. C. C. van der Hoek, Leiden, 392 pp.	https://archive.org/details/monographiedema00temmgoog/page/140/mode/2up	SMF:MAMM:12381	lectotype		"Les bords de la Mer rouge vers les côtés d'Abyssinie [= the shores of the Red Sea toward the coast of Ethiopia]."			NA	NA				Canary Islands|Cape Verde|Senegal|Liberia|Cote d'Ivoire|Burkina Faso|Ghana|Niger|Nigeria|Cameroon|Equatorial Guinea|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Burundi|Tanzania|Eritrea|Djibouti|Ethiopia|Sudan|South Sudan|Somalia|Angola|Zambia|Malawi|Mozambique|Zimbabwe|Botswana|South Africa|Eswatini|Lesotho|Madagascar	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Pipistrellus_hesperidus	0	sciname match	Pipistrellus_hesperidus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Pipistrellus	Pipistrellus	hesperidus	Temminck	1840	1	Monograph. Mammal... Mus&eacute;es de l'Europe	0.229861	Dusky Pipistrelle	fuscatus Thomas, 1901; subtilis Sundevall, 1846; broomi Roberts, 1948. Unassigned: platycephlusTemminck, 1832 [nomen dubium].	Not definitely identifiable, although known to be from the Red Sea coast of Africa; probably Ethiopia, probably Shewa Province [= Shoa] (see discussion in Kock, 2001b).	Liberia, Chad, Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), Nigeria, Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, Madagascar.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136741/22035802/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Subgenus Pipistrellus. Distinct from kuhlii, see Kock (2001b). Lectotype designated by Kock (2001b).Chromosomal differences between populations in South Africa/Madagascar and those in N Africa strongly suggest that the southern populations(for which subtilis is apparently the oldest name) represent a distinct species (Volleth et al., 2001). Similarly, differences in ectoparasites suggest that North African and Afrotropical forms may represent different species (Kock, 2001b). It thus seems clear that more than one species is present in this complex. However, allocation of many populations is uncertain, taxonomic limits have not yet been adequately described, and holotypes of several important forms (e.g., subtilis) have not been reexamined (Kock et al., 2001b;Volleth et al., 2001). We therefore treat this complex as a single taxon, recognizing the following subspecies (which may be shown to be distinct species): hesperidus (Northeastern Africa), fuscatus (Afrotropical regions excluding Southern Africa and Madagascar), and subtilis (Southern Africa and Madagascar). Includes humbloti as a synonym of subtilis; see Goodman et al. (2015).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pipistrellus hesperidus; Pipistrellus hesperidus; Pipistrellus hesperidus; Pipistrellus hesperidus; Pipistrellus hesperidus; Pipistrellus hesperidus; hesperidus; fuscatus; subtilis; subtilis - broomi; Unassigned - platycephlus; hesperidus; fuscatus; subtilis; fuscatus; subtilis; subtilis - broomi; Unassigned - platycephlus; platycephalus; hesperidus; subtilis; fuscatus; broomi; Pipistrelle hespéride; Abendstern-Zwergfledermaus; Pipistrelaafricana; African Pipistrelle; Dusky Pipistrelle; African Pipistrelle; Dusky Pipistrelle; Dusky Pipistrelle; P. hesperidus