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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1153	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rousettus celebensis	Rousettus celebensis	Rousettus celebensis	Rousettus celebensis	Rousettus celebensis	Rousettus celebensis	Rousettus celebensis	Pilonycteris celebensis	Pilonycteris celebensis	Rousettus celebensis	Pilonycteris celebensis	Pilonycteris celebensis	Pilonycteris celebensis	Pilonycteris celebensis	Pilonycteris celebensis		[MSW2] Subgenus Rousettus.; [MSW3] Subgenus Rousettus. Reviewed by Rookmaaker and Bergmans (1981), Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Maryanto and Yani (2003). Also see Flannery (1995b).; [HMW] Rousettus celebensis K. Andersen, 1907 , “Mt. Masarang, Celebes [= Sulawesi , Indonesia ], 3500’ [= 1067 m ].” This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] Formerly considered a species of Rousettus but transferred to the new genus Pilonycteris by Nesi et al. (2021). Reviewed by Rookmaaker and Bergmans (1981), Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Maryanto and Yani (2003). Also see Flannery (1995). NBS: Add Nesi et al. 2021 citation to comments.; [MDD2022] moved from Rousettus to the recently described Pilonycteris; [batnames2023] Formerly considered a species of Rousettus but transferred to the new genus Pilonycteris by Nesi et al. (2021). Reviewed by Rookmaaker and Bergmans (1981), Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Maryanto and Yani (2003). Also see Flannery (1995).; [MDD2023] moved from Rousettus to the recently described Pilonycteris; [MDD2025_2.0] moved from Rousettus to the recently described Pilonycteris; [batnames2025_1.7] Formerly considered a species of Rousettus but transferred to the new genus Pilonycteris by Nesi et al. (2021). Reviewed by Rookmaaker and Bergmans (1981), Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Maryanto and Yani (2003). Also see Flannery (1995).; [MDD2025_2.2] moved from Rousettus to the recently described Pilonycteris														celebensis				celebensis	celebensis			celebensis (Andersen, 1907)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Celebes rousette	Celebes, Sanghir Is	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rousettus celebensis	Indonesia, Sulawesi, Mt. Masarang, 3500 ft. (1067 m).	K. Andersen	1907	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 19:503, 509.	Distribution: This species is known only from Sulawesi and the Sanghir islands.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Sulawesi rousette	Sulawesi, Sanghir Is, (?) Talaud Is.	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	K. Andersen	1907	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 19:503, 509.	Subgenus Rousettus.	Sulawesi and Sangihe Isis (Indonesia).	Indonesia, Sulawesi, Mt. Masarang, 3,500 ft. (1,067 m).		ANDERSEN	1907	A medium sized species (forearm length, 67-83 mm; pollex, 28-30 mm; second phalanx of third digit, 40-41 mm). Molars relatively narrow. Median edge of plagiopatagium attached to side of body. Uropatagium well haired. Body fur relatively long.	Distribution: This species is known only from Sulawesi and the Sanghir islands.	No sub species.		20	species	R. celebensis	ANDERSEN	1907	Rousettus	subgenus	Rousettus celebensis				A medium sized species (forearm length, 67-83 mm; pollex, 28-30 mm; second phalanx of third digit, 40-41 mm). Molars relatively narrow. Median edge of plagiopatagium attached to side of body. Uropatagium well haired. Body fur relatively long.	No sub species.		5. R. celebensis ANDERSEN 1907.	5	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Rousettus celebensis	Rousettus	Rousettus	celebensis	K. Andersen		1907		Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7	19		503, 509		Sulawesi Rousette	Indonesia, Sulawesi, Mt. Masarang, 3,500 ft. (1,067 m).	Sulawesi; Mangole, Sanana, Sangihe Isls (Indonesia).	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).		Subgenus Rousettus. Reviewed by Rookmaaker and Bergmans (1981), Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Maryanto and Yani (2003). Also see Flannery (1995b).	03AD87FAFFD8F63689AA38BBF93EF481	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	87	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFD9F637899D31E5F9C0FCC6.xml	Rousettus celebensis	Pteropodidae	Rousettus	celebensis	K. Andersen	1907	Roussette de Sulawesi @fr | Sulawesi-Flughund @de | Rosetus de Célebes @es | Sulawesian Rousette @en	Rousettus celebensis K. Andersen, 1907 , “Mt. Masarang, Celebes [= Sulawesi , Indonesia ], 3500’ [= 1067 m ].” This species is monotypic.	Sulawesi and nearby Is (Togian, Peleng, Wowoni, Buton, Kabaena, and Tukangbesi), also on Sangihe Is (Sangihe, Siau, Tagulandang) and Sula Is (Mangole, Sanana).	Head-body 88-5- 109- 9 mm , tail 23- 1-30 mm , ear 16-819- 7 mm , hindfoot 22- 5-23 mm , forearm 71-8-80- 2 mm ; weight 64-91 g . The Sulawesi Rousette can be distinguished from its congeners by narrow bony palate and unusually narrow upper and lower last premolars and molars. Fur is longer and richer in color than in other eastern congeners; uropatagium is partly or wholly haired. Rostrum is very low, slender, and relatively longer, with longer upper and lower tooth rows and smaller average distance between the two M*. It is generally brown but brighter colored than Geoffroy’s Rousette ( R. amplexicaudatus ). Ears are as in Geoffroy’s Rousette: not attenuated below tips, which are broadly rounded, with reduced or obsolete antitragal lobe. Tail is long, digits are proportionally longer than in any other eastern species of Rousettus , and pollex is much longer. Wing inserts at or near rear of second toe and is relatively large, with low wing loading that enables Sulawesi Rousettes to carry heavy fruits. Uropatagium, face, and tibia are furred; forearms,tibia, and uropatagium have long hair. In North Sulawesi , specimens are slightly bright yellowish on chest and belly and dark orange on neck. Glandular gray brown tuft occurs on each side of neck in both sexes. Glans penis is flattened and triangular. Tooth rows are nearly parallel (vs. posterior divergence in Geoffroy’s Rousette). Premaxillae are in simple contact in front; bony palate is unusually narrow posteriorly. Interorbital region is flat, temporal fossa is narrow, and temporal lines form low sagittal crest in fully mature individuals. Palatal ridges are arranged in a 4 + 3 + 1 pattern. C' and P?® are widely separated, and P! is located in center of interspace between these two teeth and is not deciduous. M, 1s at least twice as long as broad; M, 1s small, less than one-half the size of M,; and M,is subcircular in outline. P is 3-4 times the size of lower incisor. Last premolaris longer than in Geoffroy’s Rousette, and upper and lower molars are narrow and also longer than in Geoffroy’s Rousette, especially M.	Lowland and lower mountain habitats, including lower montane forests, swamp forests, marshes, lowland forests, mixed gardens, and degraded forest, from sea level up to elevations of 1400 m (more commonly 300-1400 m ). In Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve ( North Sulawesi ), the Sulawesi Rousette was recorded in moss forests, submontane forests, lowland forests, Casuarina ( Casuarinaceae ) forests, coastal forests, and shrubland.	The Sulawesi Rousette is likely a generalist frugivore, but narrow muzzle and teeth also suggest use of flowers. An individual caught in mist net with a fruit of Gonystylus macrophyllus ( Thymelaeaceae ) suggests that it feeds on this fruit and contributesto its dispersal.	Pregnant and lactating Sulawesi Rousettes with dependent young were recorded in November.	The Sulawesi Rousette is almost certainly nocturnal, emerging from caves at dusk and returning before dawn. It roosts in caves and large hollowed trees. In Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve, it was caught during rainy and dry seasons with mist nets at ground level.	The Sulawesi Rousette roosts gregariously.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sulawesi Rousette is abundant in most of its distribution, and extent of occurrence is greater than 20,000 km ®. Nevertheless,it is locally threatened by hunting, habitat loss, and cave disturbance.	Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Flannery (1995a) | Hill (1983) | Kevan & Gaskell (1986) | Maryanto & Yani (2003) | Rookmaaker & Bergmans (1981) | Ruedas, Kingston, Sinaga & Maharadatunkamsi (2008)		45. Sulawesi Rousette Rousettus celebensis French: Roussette de Sulawesi / German: Sulawesi-Flughund / Spanish: Rosetus de Célebes Other common names: Sulawesian Rousette Taxonomy. Rousettus celebensis K. Andersen, 1907 , “Mt. Masarang, Celebes [= Sulawesi , Indonesia ], 3500’ [= 1067 m ].” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Sulawesi and nearby Is (Togian, Peleng, Wowoni, Buton, Kabaena, and Tukangbesi), also on Sangihe Is (Sangihe, Siau, Tagulandang) and Sula Is (Mangole, Sanana). Descriptive notes. Head-body 88-5- 109- 9 mm , tail 23- 1-30 mm , ear 16-819- 7 mm , hindfoot 22- 5-23 mm , forearm 71-8-80- 2 mm ; weight 64-91 g . The Sulawesi Rousette can be distinguished from its congeners by narrow bony palate and unusually narrow upper and lower last premolars and molars. Fur is longer and richer in color than in other eastern congeners; uropatagium is partly or wholly haired. Rostrum is very low, slender, and relatively longer, with longer upper and lower tooth rows and smaller average distance between the two M*. It is generally brown but brighter colored than Geoffroy’s Rousette ( R. amplexicaudatus ). Ears are as in Geoffroy’s Rousette: not attenuated below tips, which are broadly rounded, with reduced or obsolete antitragal lobe. Tail is long, digits are proportionally longer than in any other eastern species of Rousettus , and pollex is much longer. Wing inserts at or near rear of second toe and is relatively large, with low wing loading that enables Sulawesi Rousettes to carry heavy fruits. Uropatagium, face, and tibia are furred; forearms,tibia, and uropatagium have long hair. In North Sulawesi , specimens are slightly bright yellowish on chest and belly and dark orange on neck. Glandular gray brown tuft occurs on each side of neck in both sexes. Glans penis is flattened and triangular. Tooth rows are nearly parallel (vs. posterior divergence in Geoffroy’s Rousette). Premaxillae are in simple contact in front; bony palate is unusually narrow posteriorly. Interorbital region is flat, temporal fossa is narrow, and temporal lines form low sagittal crest in fully mature individuals. Palatal ridges are arranged in a 4 + 3 + 1 pattern. C' and P?® are widely separated, and P! is located in center of interspace between these two teeth and is not deciduous. M, 1s at least twice as long as broad; M, 1s small, less than one-half the size of M,; and M,is subcircular in outline. P is 3-4 times the size of lower incisor. Last premolaris longer than in Geoffroy’s Rousette, and upper and lower molars are narrow and also longer than in Geoffroy’s Rousette, especially M. Habitat. Lowland and lower mountain habitats, including lower montane forests, swamp forests, marshes, lowland forests, mixed gardens, and degraded forest, from sea level up to elevations of 1400 m (more commonly 300-1400 m ). In Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve ( North Sulawesi ), the Sulawesi Rousette was recorded in moss forests, submontane forests, lowland forests, Casuarina ( Casuarinaceae ) forests, coastal forests, and shrubland. Food and Feeding. The Sulawesi Rousette is likely a generalist frugivore, but narrow muzzle and teeth also suggest use of flowers. An individual caught in mist net with a fruit of Gonystylus macrophyllus ( Thymelaeaceae ) suggests that it feeds on this fruit and contributesto its dispersal. Breeding. Pregnant and lactating Sulawesi Rousettes with dependent young were recorded in November. Activity patterns. The Sulawesi Rousette is almost certainly nocturnal, emerging from caves at dusk and returning before dawn. It roosts in caves and large hollowed trees. In Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve, it was caught during rainy and dry seasons with mist nets at ground level. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Sulawesi Rousette roosts gregariously. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sulawesi Rousette is abundant in most of its distribution, and extent of occurrence is greater than 20,000 km ®. Nevertheless,it is locally threatened by hunting, habitat loss, and cave disturbance. Bibliography. Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Hill (1983), Kevan & Gaskell (1986), Maryanto & Yani (2003), Rookmaaker & Bergmans (1981), Ruedas, Kingston, Sinaga & Maharadatunkamsi (2008).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pilonycteris celebensis	Pilonycteris		celebensis	K. Andersen	1907	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 19: 503, 509	Sulawesi Rousette	None.	Indonesia, Sulawesi, Mt. Masarang, 3,500 ft. (1,067 m).	Sulawesi; Mangole, Sanana, Sangihe Isls (Indonesia).	Not listed.	Least Concern as Rousettus celebensis 	Formerly considered a species of Rousettus but transferred to the new genus Pilonycteris by Nesi et al. (2021). Reviewed by Rookmaaker and Bergmans (1981), Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Maryanto and Yani (2003). Also see Flannery (1995). NBS: Add Nesi et al. 2021 citation to comments.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pilonycteris celebensis	23	Sulawesi Fruit Bat	Sulawesi Fruit Bat|Sulawesian Rousette	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	ROUSETTINAE	INCERTAE SEDIS	Pilonycteris	NA	celebensis	K. Andersen	1907	1	Rousettus_celebensis	Andersen, K. (1907). On Pterocyon, Rousettus and Myonycteris. The Annals and magazine of Natural History; zoology, botany, and geology, ser. 7, 19, 509.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/78260#page/523/mode/1up	BM 1897.1.2.8		"Mt. Masarang, Celebes [= Sulawesi, Indonesia], 3500' [= 1067 m]."			celebensis (K. Andersen, 1907)	moved from Rousettus to the recently described Pilonycteris	Nesi, N., Tsagkogeorga, G., Tsang, S. M., Nicolas, V., Lalis, A., Scanlon, A. T., ... & Rossiter, S. J. (2021). Interrogating Phylogenetic Discordance Resolves Deep Splits in the Rapid Radiation of Old World Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Systematic Biology.	Indonesia	Asia	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Rousettus_celebensis	0	sciname match	Rousettus_celebensis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19755	Rousettus celebensis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Rousettus	celebensis	K. Andersen, 1907		20000000	Rousettus celebensis	Least Concern		2020	2019-05-14 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern because it is abundant in forested habitat and there is a very large contiguous population, however, deforestation, hunting, and cave disturbance may locally threaten this species, although its populations are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	This species is generally found in the forest at elevations up to 1,400 m asl. It is also often caught in mixed gardens and open areas (M.H. Sinaga pers. comm.). It roosts in caves.	Deforestation is occurring throughout the species' range. This species is also affected by hunting and cave disturbance.	It is very abundant in forested habitat.	Decreasing	This species occurs in greater Sulawesi and adjacent islands (Mangole, Sanana, Sangihe Islands) in Indonesia. It is found also on Wowoni island (M.H. Sinaga pers. comm.), ; on Wangiwangi and adjacent islands (T. Kingston pers. comm.), and on Sangire Island (S. Wiantoro pers. comm) also in Indonesia.		Terrestrial	This species occurs in some protected areas throughout its range, such as Lore Lindu National Park, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Bantimurung National Park, and several nature reserves in Sulawesi.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pilonycteris		celebensis	K. Andersen	1907	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 19: 503, 509	Sulawesi Rousette	None.	Indonesia, Sulawesi, Mt. Masarang, 3,500 ft. (1,067 m).	Sulawesi; Mangole, Sanana, Sangihe Isls (Indonesia).	Not listed.	Least Concern as Rousettus celebensis 	Formerly considered a species of Rousettus but transferred to the new genus Pilonycteris by Nesi et al. (2021). Reviewed by Rookmaaker and Bergmans (1981), Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Maryanto and Yani (2003). Also see Flannery (1995).	Pilonycteris celebensis	1004541	23	Sulawesi Fruit Bat	Sulawesi Fruit Bat|Sulawesian Rousette	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	ROUSETTINAE	INCERTAE SEDIS	Pilonycteris	NA	celebensis	K. Andersen	1907	1	Rousettus_celebensis	Andersen, K. (1907). On Pterocyon, Rousettus and Myonycteris. The Annals and magazine of Natural History; zoology, botany, and geology, ser. 7, 19, 509.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/78260#page/523/mode/1up	BM 1897.1.2.8		"Mt. Masarang, Celebes [= Sulawesi, Indonesia], 3500' [= 1067 m]."			celebensis (K. Andersen, 1907)	moved from Rousettus to the recently described Pilonycteris	Nesi, N., Tsagkogeorga, G., Tsang, S. M., Nicolas, V., Lalis, A., Scanlon, A. T., ... & Rossiter, S. J. (2021). Interrogating Phylogenetic Discordance Resolves Deep Splits in the Rapid Radiation of Old World Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Systematic Biology.				Indonesia	Asia	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Rousettus_celebensis	0	sciname match	Rousettus_celebensis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pilonycteris_celebensis	1004541	23	Sulawesi Fruit Bat	Sulawesi Fruit Bat|Sulawesian Rousette	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Epomophorinae	incertae sedis	Pilonycteris	NA	celebensis	Andersen	1	Rousettus celebensis	Andersen, K.C. 1907-06-01. On _Pterocyon_, _Rousettus_ and _Myonycteris_. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)19(114):501-515.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24254969	BMNH:Mamm:1897.1.2.8	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/8da7f3bb-b558-4a34-9097-3fd928fc5399	"Mt. Masarang, Celebes [= Sulawesi, Indonesia], 3500' [= 1067 m]."			moved from Rousettus to the recently described Pilonycteris	Nesi, N., Tsagkogeorga, G., Tsang, S. M., Nicolas, V., Lalis, A., Scanlon, A. T., ... & Rossiter, S. J. (2021). Interrogating Phylogenetic Discordance Resolves Deep Splits in the Rapid Radiation of Old World Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Systematic Biology.				Indonesia	Asia	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Rousettus_celebensis	0	sciname match	Rousettus_celebensis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pilonycteris		celebensis	K. Andersen	1907	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 19: 503, 509	Sulawesi Rousette	None.	Indonesia, Sulawesi, Mt. Masarang, 3,500 ft. (1,067 m).	Sulawesi; Mangole, Sanana, Sangihe Isls (Indonesia).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19755/22000964/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Formerly considered a species of Rousettus but transferred to the new genus Pilonycteris by Nesi et al. (2021). Reviewed by Rookmaaker and Bergmans (1981), Hill (1983), Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988), and Maryanto and Yani (2003). Also see Flannery (1995).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rousettus celebensis; Rousettus celebensis; Pilonycteris celebensis; Pilonycteris celebensis; Rousettus celebensis; Pilonycteris celebensis; celebensis; Roussette de Sulawesi; Sulawesi-Flughund; Rosetus de Célebes; Sulawesian Rousette; Sulawesi Fruit Bat; Sulawesi Fruit Bat; Sulawesian Rousette; Sulawesi Rousette; Sulawesi Rousette; P. celebensis