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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1151	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus hastatus		[HMW] Vespertilio hastatus Pallas, 1767 , “Amérique,” Restricted by J. A. Allen in 1904 to Suriname . Three subspecies are recognized.						aruma, caucae, caurae, curaca, maximus, paeze, panamensis.	panamensis, hastatus	hastatus, panamensis	aruma, curaca, maximus; panamensis - caucae, caurae, paeze	hastatus, aruma, panamensis		hastatus, panamensis	hastatus - aruma, curaca, maximus; panamensis - caucae, caurae, paeze	hastatus, emarginata, maximus, caucae, panamensis, curaca, aruma, paeze		hastatus, panamensis	hastatus - aruma, curaca, maximus; panamensis - caucae, caurae, paeze	hastatus, emarginata, maximus, caucae, panamensis, curaca, aruma, paeze	hastatus, emarginatus, maximus, caucae, panamensis, caucae, curaca, aruma, paeze	hastatus, panamensis 	hastatus - aruma, curaca, maximus; panamensis - caucae, caurae, paeze	hastatus (Pallas, 1767)|emarginatus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803|maximus zu Wied-Neuwied, 1821|caucae J. A. Allen, 1904 [as emended]|panamensis J. A. Allen, 1904|caucae J. A. Allen, 1916 [justified emendation]|curaca Cabrera, 1917|aruma O. Thomas, 1924|paeze O. Thomas, 1924		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Spear-nosed bat	Honduras – Peru, Bolivia, SE Brazil	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Phyllostomus hastatus	Surinam.	Pallas	1767	Spicil. Zool., 3:7.	Distribution: Ranging from Honduras to eastern Brazil, but west of the Andes not south of northern Peru, also Margarita, Trinidad, and Tobago islands off northern coast of Venezuela.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Greater spear-nosed bat	Honduras – Peru – Paraguay; Trinidad	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Pallas	1767	Spicil. Zool., 3:7.		Honduras to Guianas, E Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina, and Peru; Trinidad and Tobago; Margarita Isl (Venezuela); Bolivia.	Surinam.		PALLAS	1767	Size very large (forearm length, 80-97 mm; condylobasal length, 31-38 mm). Calcar longer than hind foot. Sagittal crest well developed.	Distribution: Ranging from Honduras to eastern Brazil, but west of the Andes not south of northern Peru, also Margarita, Trinidad, and Tobago islands off northern coast of Venezuela.	Two currently recognized subspecies:	P. h. panamensis (Honduras to Peru and east to western Venezuela), P. h. hastatus (remainder of range).	76	species	P. hastatus	PALLAS	1767	Phyllostomus	genus	Phyllostomus hastatus				Size very large (forearm length, 80-97 mm; condylobasal length, 31-38 mm). Calcar longer than hind foot. Sagittal crest well developed.	Two currently recognized subspecies:		4. P. hastatus (PALLAS 1767).	4	_P. h. aruma_ Thomas, 1924; _P. h. hastatus_ (Pallas, 1767) (synonyms: _curaca_ Cabrera, 1917, _emarginatus_ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803, _maximus_ Wied-Neuwied, 1821); _P. h. panamensis_ Allen, 1904 (synonyms: _caucae_ Allen, 1904, _paeze_ Thomas, 1924)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Phyllostomidae	Phyllostominae		Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus		hastatus	Pallas	y	1767		Spicil. Zool.	3		7		Greater Spear-nosed Bat	Surinam.	Guatemala and Belize to the Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru; Trinidad and Tobago; Margarita Isl (Venezuela).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	aruma Thomas, 1924; curaca Cabrera, 1912; maximus Wied, 1821; panamensis J. A. Allen, 1904; caucae J. A. Allen, 1916; caurae J. A. Allen, 1904; paeze Thomas, 1924.		03A687BCFFA6FFA61642FEB1F6E0F8E4	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	507	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/87/03A687BCFFA6FFA61642FEB1F6E0F8E4.xml	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomidae	Phyllostomus	hastatus		1767	Grand Phyllostome @fr | Grof3e Lanzennase @de | Filostomagrande @es	Vespertilio hastatus Pallas, 1767 , “Amérique,” Restricted by J. A. Allen in 1904 to Suriname . Three subspecies are recognized.	P.h.hastatusPallas,1767—mostofVenezuela(EofLakeMaracaiboandSofCordilleradeMérida)toEPeru,N&EBolivia,NParaguay,andSEBrazil;alsoonMargaritaandTrinidadIs. P.h.arumaThomas,1924—reportedonlyfromtypelocalityin“Taguatinga,”Tocantins,ECBrazil. P. h. panamensisJ. A. Allen, 1904 — from S Belize and E Guatemala S through Central America, on both coasts, to N & W of Lake Maracaibo in NW Venezuela and to W Colombia and W Ecuador .	Head-body 90-124 mm, tail 12-31 mm, ear 26-34 mm, hindfoot 18-25 mm, forearm 77-94 mm; weight 55-140 g. Males tend to be larger than females and have well-developed gland on throat, which is rudimentary in females. The Greater Spear-nosed Bat is robust, with short and velvety fur; dorsal and ventral fur is similar, ranging from black to reddish brown. Noseleaf is simple and well developed, and horseshoe 1s not fused to upper lip. Lowerlip has V-shaped groove, edged with wart-like protuberances. Ears are triangular, pointed, and well separated. Ears, noseleaf, and skin on head are dark brown to blackish. Besidesits size, the Great Spear-nosed Batis easily differentiated from congeners by its long calcar (similar or greater in length than foot), its lack of white spots on tips of wings, and position of alar membrane thatis inserted at height of foot in its middle portion. Due to its size, it has a strong bite force. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN= 58. X-chromosome is submetacentric, and Ychromosome is acrocentric. It also has two rDNA sites and two telomeric chromosomes.	Variety of habitats including primary, secondary, and intervened forests; forest edges; gallery forests; and cultivation areas from sea level to elevations of ¢. 1800 m . The Greater Spear-nosed Bat has been found in humid forests, savannas, and dry deciduous forests of the Chaco .	Diets of Greater Spear-nosed Bats include fruits, flower parts, nectar, pollen, and a variety of insects and small vertebrates. Because ofits large size, it is omnivorous, feeding on insects, termites, bats, mice, and birds. It might be the primary dispersal agent of seeds of Gurania spinulosa ( Cucurbitaceae ), a Neotropical vine with flagellichorous (dangling at a distance from leaves) fruits.	Female Greater Spear-nosed Bats are polyestrous in South America and monoestrous in Central America. Sexual maturity of females is reached at c¢.16 months, and they give birth to one young at a time. In Central America, pregnant and lactating females are found in March—September. In South America, breeding season is in April-October, with pregnant females present in August.	The Great Spear-nosed Bat is nocturnal, foraging during the darkest parts of nights; full and crescent moonlit nights are avoided. It roosts in hollow trunks, foliage, active termite mounds, caves, thatched roofs, and buildings.	Great Spear-nosed Bats leave roosts when itis dark and are active in hours well after sunset. They tend to fly through forest understories. Individuals forage separately and occasionally in groups around fruiting trees, returning to day roosts c.2 hours later. While foraging, females produce group-specific screech calls to keep in contact with other members of their harems. Nursing females meet in colonies and form nurseries with their young. Males form stable harems with 10-100 females. The Great Spearnosed Bat commonly roosts with the Woolly False Vampire Bat ( Chrotopterus auritus ), the Common Vampire Bat ( Desmodus rotundus ), Pallas’s Longtongued Bat ( Glossophaga soricina ), Seba’s Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia perspicillata ), Davy’s Naked-backed Bat ( Pteronotus davyi ), and the Lesser Dog-like Bat ( Peropteryx macrotis ).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.	Aguirre et al. (2002) | Allen (1904) | Baker (1979) | Barquez & Diaz (2015) | Gardner (1977b) | Kalko & Condon (1998) | McCracken & Bradbury (1981) | Rodriguez-Posada & Sanchez-Palomino (2009) | Santos et al. (2003) | Siles et al. (2007) | Taddei (1975) | Tirira (2017) | Willams & Genoways (2008)	https://zenodo.org/record/6458685/files/figure.png	41. Greater Spear-nosed Bat Phyllostomus hastatus French: Grand Phyllostome / German: Grof3e Lanzennase / Spanish: Filostoma grande Taxonomy. Vespertilio hastatus Pallas, 1767 , “Amérique,” Restricted by J. A. Allen in 1904 to Suriname . Three subspecies are recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.h.hastatusPallas,1767—mostofVenezuela(EofLakeMaracaiboandSofCordilleradeMérida)toEPeru,N&EBolivia,NParaguay,andSEBrazil;alsoonMargaritaandTrinidadIs. P.h.arumaThomas,1924—reportedonlyfromtypelocalityin“Taguatinga,”Tocantins,ECBrazil. P. h. panamensisJ. A. Allen, 1904 — from S Belize and E Guatemala S through Central America, on both coasts, to N & W of Lake Maracaibo in NW Venezuela and to W Colombia and W Ecuador . Descriptive notes. Head-body 90-124 mm, tail 12-31 mm, ear 26-34 mm, hindfoot 18-25 mm, forearm 77-94 mm; weight 55-140 g. Males tend to be larger than females and have well-developed gland on throat, which is rudimentary in females. The Greater Spear-nosed Bat is robust, with short and velvety fur; dorsal and ventral fur is similar, ranging from black to reddish brown. Noseleaf is simple and well developed, and horseshoe 1s not fused to upper lip. Lowerlip has V-shaped groove, edged with wart-like protuberances. Ears are triangular, pointed, and well separated. Ears, noseleaf, and skin on head are dark brown to blackish. Besidesits size, the Great Spear-nosed Batis easily differentiated from congeners by its long calcar (similar or greater in length than foot), its lack of white spots on tips of wings, and position of alar membrane thatis inserted at height of foot in its middle portion. Due to its size, it has a strong bite force. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN= 58. X-chromosome is submetacentric, and Ychromosome is acrocentric. It also has two rDNA sites and two telomeric chromosomes. Habitat. Variety of habitats including primary, secondary, and intervened forests; forest edges; gallery forests; and cultivation areas from sea level to elevations of ¢. 1800 m . The Greater Spear-nosed Bat has been found in humid forests, savannas, and dry deciduous forests of the Chaco . Food and Feeding. Diets of Greater Spear-nosed Bats include fruits, flower parts, nectar, pollen, and a variety of insects and small vertebrates. Because ofits large size, it is omnivorous, feeding on insects, termites, bats, mice, and birds. It might be the primary dispersal agent of seeds of Gurania spinulosa ( Cucurbitaceae ), a Neotropical vine with flagellichorous (dangling at a distance from leaves) fruits. Breeding. Female Greater Spear-nosed Bats are polyestrous in South America and monoestrous in Central America. Sexual maturity of females is reached at c¢.16 months, and they give birth to one young at a time. In Central America, pregnant and lactating females are found in March—September. In South America, breeding season is in April-October, with pregnant females present in August. Activity patterns. The Great Spear-nosed Bat is nocturnal, foraging during the darkest parts of nights; full and crescent moonlit nights are avoided. It roosts in hollow trunks, foliage, active termite mounds, caves, thatched roofs, and buildings. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Great Spear-nosed Bats leave roosts when itis dark and are active in hours well after sunset. They tend to fly through forest understories. Individuals forage separately and occasionally in groups around fruiting trees, returning to day roosts c.2 hours later. While foraging, females produce group-specific screech calls to keep in contact with other members of their harems. Nursing females meet in colonies and form nurseries with their young. Males form stable harems with 10-100 females. The Great Spearnosed Bat commonly roosts with the Woolly False Vampire Bat ( Chrotopterus auritus ), the Common Vampire Bat ( Desmodus rotundus ), Pallas’s Longtongued Bat ( Glossophaga soricina ), Seba’s Short-tailed Bat ( Carollia perspicillata ), Davy’s Naked-backed Bat ( Pteronotus davyi ), and the Lesser Dog-like Bat ( Peropteryx macrotis ). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Aguirre et al. (2002), Allen (1904), Baker (1979), Barquez & Diaz (2015), Gardner (1977b), Kalko & Condon (1998), McCracken & Bradbury (1981), Rodriguez-Posada & Sanchez-Palomino (2009), Santos et al. (2003), Siles et al. (2007), Taddei (1975), Tirira (2017), Willams & Genoways (2008).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Phyllostomidae	Phyllostomus hastatus	Phyllostomus		hastatus	Pallas	1767	1	Spicil. Zool.	3:07	Greater Spear-nosed Bat	 aruma Thomas, 1924; curaca Cabrera, 1912; maximus Wied, 1821; <b>panamensis</b> J. A. Allen, 1904; caucae J. A. Allen, 1916; caurae J. A. Allen, 1904; paeze Thomas, 1924.	Surinam.	Guatemala and Belize to the Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru; Trinidad and Tobago; Margarita Isl (Venezuela).	Not listed.	Least Concern		Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Phyllostomus hastatus	23	Greater Spear-nosed Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	PHYLLOSTOMINAE	PHYLLOSTOMINI	Phyllostomus	NA	hastatus	Pallas	1767	1						‘‘Amérique,'' Restricted by J. A. Allen in 1904 to Suriname.			hastatus (Pallas, 1767)|emarginata (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)|maximus Wied-Neuwied, 1821|caucae J. A. Allen, 1904|panamensis J. A. Allen, 1904|curaca Cabrera, 1917|aruma O. Thomas, 1924|paeze O. Thomas, 1924	NA	NA	Belize|Guatemala|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad & Tobago|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay	North America|South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Phyllostomus_hastatus	0	sciname match	Phyllostomus_hastatus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	17218	Phyllostomus hastatus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	Phyllostomus	hastatus	(Pallas, 1767)		20000000	Phyllostomus hastatus	Least Concern		2015	2015-07-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern because of its wide distribution, presumed large population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, tolerance to some degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	It is found in urban and rural areas, forests and houses.	There are no threats known to this species.	It is very abundant in South America and common in Central America.	Stable	The species occurs in Guatemala and Belize to the Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru, as well as Trinidad and Tobago and Margarita Island (Venezuela; Simmons 2005). It is not found in Paraguay (Lopez-Gonzales 2004).	This species is not used.	Terrestrial	This species is found in protected areas.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Phyllostomidae	Phyllostomus		hastatus	Pallas	1767	1	Spicil. Zool.	3:07	Greater Spear-nosed Bat	 aruma Thomas, 1924; curaca Cabrera, 1912; maximus Wied, 1821; <b>panamensis</b> J. A. Allen, 1904; caucae J. A. Allen, 1916; caurae J. A. Allen, 1904; paeze Thomas, 1924.	Surinam.	Guatemala and Belize to the Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru; Trinidad and Tobago; Margarita Isl (Venezuela).	Not listed.	Least Concern		Phyllostomus hastatus	1004982	23	Greater Spear-nosed Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	Phyllostomidae	PHYLLOSTOMINAE	PHYLLOSTOMINI	Phyllostomus	NA	hastatus	Pallas	1767	1						‘‘Amérique,'' Restricted by J. A. Allen in 1904 to Suriname.			hastatus (Pallas, 1767)|emarginata (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)|maximus Wied-Neuwied, 1821|caucae J. A. Allen, 1904|panamensis J. A. Allen, 1904|curaca Cabrera, 1917|aruma O. Thomas, 1924|paeze O. Thomas, 1924	NA	NA				Belize|Guatemala|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad & Tobago|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay	North America|South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Phyllostomus_hastatus	0	sciname match	Phyllostomus_hastatus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Phyllostomus_hastatus	1004982	23	Greater Spear-nosed Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Noctilionoidea	Phyllostomidae	Phyllostominae	Phyllostomini	Phyllostomus	NA	hastatus	Pallas	1	Vespertilio hastatus	Pallas, P.S. 1767. Spicilegia Zoologica. Fasciculus tertius. Gottlieb August Lange, Berlin, 35 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27817715				‘‘Amérique,'' Restricted by J. A. Allen in 1904 to Suriname.			NA	NA				Belize|Guatemala|Honduras|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad and Tobago|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay	North America|South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Phyllostomus_hastatus	0	sciname match	Phyllostomus_hastatus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Phyllostomidae	Phyllostomus		hastatus	Pallas	1767	1	Spicil. Zool.	3:07	Greater Spear-nosed Bat	aruma Thomas, 1924; curaca Cabrera, 1912; maximus Wied, 1821; panamensis J. A. Allen, 1904; caucae J. A. Allen, 1916; caurae J. A. Allen, 1904; paeze Thomas, 1924.	Surinam.	Guatemala and Belize to the Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay, N Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru; Trinidad and Tobago; Margarita Isl (Venezuela).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17218/22135955/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>			Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Phyllostomus hastatus; Phyllostomus hastatus; Phyllostomus hastatus; Phyllostomus hastatus; Phyllostomus hastatus; Phyllostomus hastatus; hastatus; panamensis; aruma; curaca; maximus; panamensis - caucae; caurae; paeze; hastatus; aruma; panamensis; panamensis; aruma; curaca; maximus; panamensis - caucae; caurae; paeze; hastatus; emarginata; maximus; caucae; panamensis; curaca; aruma; paeze; Grand Phyllostome; Grof3e Lanzennase; Filostomagrande; Greater Spear-nosed Bat; Greater Spear-nosed Bat; Greater Spear-nosed Bat; P. hastatus