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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L116	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia perspicillata		[MSW2] Includes tricolor; see Pine (1972).; [MSW3] Includes tricolor; see Pine (1972). Some authors have recognized subspecies, but see Pine (1972), McLellan (1984), and Koopman (1994). See also Cloutier and Thomas (1992). Phylogeography discussed by Ditchfield (2000).; [HMW] Vespertilio perspicillatus Linnaeus, 1758 , “America.” Restricted by 0, Thomas in 1911 to: “ Surinam [= Suri name].” R. H. Pine in 1972 and L. J. McLellan and K. F. Koopman in 2008 listed names previously used for C. perspicillata . Although Pine’s review did not formally recognize subspecies, morphometric analyses by McLellan in 1984 validated these subspecific names and believed that they were widely intergraded. Three subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Includes tricolor ; see Pine (1972). Some authors have recognized subspecies, but see Pine (1972), McLellan (1984), Koopman (1994) and Velazco (2013).See also Cloutier and Thomas (1992). Phylogeography discussed by Ditchfield (2000). See discussion in Lemos et al. (2020) for morphological variation and characters useful for distinguishing among perspicillata , brevicauuda , and benkeithi in Brazil.; [IUCN] This includes tricolor (Simmons 2005).; [batnames2023] Includes tricolor ; see Pine (1972). Some authors have recognized subspecies, but see Pine (1972), McLellan (1984), Koopman (1994) and Velazco (2013).See also Cloutier and Thomas (1992). Phylogeography discussed by Ditchfield (2000). See discussion in Lemos et al. (2020) for morphological variation and characters useful for distinguishing among perspicillata , brevicauuda , and benkeithi in Brazil.; [batnames2025_1.7] Includes tricolor; see Pine (1972). Some authors have recognized subspecies, but see Pine (1972), McLellan (1984), Koopman (1994) and Velazco (2013).See also Cloutier and Thomas (1992). Phylogeography discussed by Ditchfield (2000). See discussion in Lemos et al. (2020) for morphological variation and characters useful for distinguishing among perspicillata, brevicauuda, and benkeithi in Brazil.				tricolor		amplexicaudata, azteca, brachyotus, braziliensis, calcaratum, tricolor, verrucata.	azteca, tricolor, perspicillata		amplexicaudata, azteca, brachyotus, braziliensis, calcaratum, tricolor, verrucata	perspicillata, azteca, tricolor		perspicillata	perspicillata - amplexicaudata, azteca, brachyotus, braziliensis, calcaratum, tricolor, verrucata	perspicillata, azteca, amplexicauda, brachyotos, braziliensis, calcaratum, verrucata, tricolor	This includes tricolor (Simmons 2005).	perspicillata	perspicillata - amplexicaudata, azteca, brachyotus, braziliensis, calcaratum, tricolor, verrucata	perspicillata, azteca, amplexicauda, brachyotos, braziliensis, calcaratum, verrucata, tricolor	perspicillata, amplexicauda, amplexicaudata, brachyotos, braziliensis, brachyotum, calcarata, verrucata, azteca, tricolor, brachyotus	perspicillata	perspicillata - amplexicaudata, azteca, brachyotus, braziliensis, calcaratum, tricolor, verrucata	perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758)|amplexicauda (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818)|amplexicaudata (A. G. Desmarest, 1821) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|brachyotos (H. R. Schinz, 1821)|brachyotum (J. B. Fischer, 1829) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|braziliensis J. E. Gray, 1838 [nomen novum]|calcarata (J. A. Wagner, 1843)|verrucata J. E. Gray, 1844|azteca de Saussure, 1860|brachyotus (Tomes, 1861) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|tricolor (G. S. Miller, 1902)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Seba's short-tailed bat	S Mexico – S Brazil, Paraguay; Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada, ? Jamaica	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Carollia perspicillata	Surinam.	Linnaeus	1758	Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:31.	Distribution: Same as for genus but not known north of southern Mexico.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Seba's short-tailed bat	S Mexico – S Brazil, Paraguay; Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada, ? Jamaica, (?) N Argentina	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Linnaeus	1758	Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:31.	Includes tricolor; see Pine (1972).	Oaxaca, Veracruz and Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, SE Brazil and Guianas; Trinidad and Tobago; Grenada (Lesser Antilles); perhaps Jamaica, N Lesser Antilles.	Surinam.		LINNAEUS	1758	Size relatively large (forearm length, 39-47 mm; condylobasal length, 19-23 mm, maxillary toothrow length, 7.2-8.0 mm). Labial margin of maxillary toothrow without a distinct notch and relatively straight. Crown of anterior lower molar not extremely low. Outer lower incisors more or less reduced, tending to be concealed dorsally by cingula of canines. Mandible more or less V-shaped. Pelage usually short and sparse.	Distribution: Same as for genus but not known north of southern Mexico.	Three subspecies are currently recognized:	C. p. azteca (Middle America and probably northwestern South America), C. p. tricolor (Paraguay and probably southeastern Brazil), C. p. perspicillata (remainder of range), but subspecies boundaries are not clear.	84	species	C. perspicillata	LINNAEUS	1758	Carollia	genus	Carollia perspicillata				Size relatively large (forearm length, 39-47 mm; condylobasal length, 19-23 mm, maxillary toothrow length, 7.2-8.0 mm). Labial margin of maxillary toothrow without a distinct notch and relatively straight. Crown of anterior lower molar not extremely low. Outer lower incisors more or less reduced, tending to be concealed dorsally by cingula of canines. Mandible more or less V-shaped. Pelage usually short and sparse.	Three subspecies are currently recognized:		1. C. perspicillata (LINNAEUS 1758).	1	_C. p. azteca_ Saussure, 1860; _C. p. perspicillata_ (Linnaeus, 1758) (synonyms: _amplexicauda_ (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818), _brachyotos_ (Schinz, 1821), _braziliensis_ Gray, 1838, _calcarata_ (Wagner, 1843), _verrucata_ Gray, 1844); _C. p. tricolor_ (Miller, 1902)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Phyllostomidae	Carolliinae		Carollia perspicillata	Carollia		perspicillata	Linnaeus	y	1758		Syst. Nat., 10th ed.	1		31		Seba's Short-tailed Bat	Surinam.	Oaxaca, Veracruz and Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, SE Brazil and Guianas; Trinidad and Tobago; perhaps Jamaica, N Lesser Antilles. A record from Grenada (Lesser Antilles) is probably erroneous; see Genoways et al. (1998).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	amplexicaudata E. Geoffroy, 1818; azteca Saussure, 1860; brachyotus Schinz, 1821; braziliensis Gray, 1838; calcaratum Wagner, 1843; tricolor Miller, 1902; verrucata Gray, 1844.	Includes tricolor; see Pine (1972). Some authors have recognized subspecies, but see Pine (1972), McLellan (1984), and Koopman (1994). See also Cloutier and Thomas (1992). Phylogeography discussed by Ditchfield (2000).	03A687BCFF84FF8716BCFC19FDE1FB89	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	537	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/87/03A687BCFF84FF8716BCFC19FDE1FB89.xml	Carollia perspicillata	Phyllostomidae	Carollia	perspicillata		1758	Carollia commune @fr | Brillenblattnase @de | Carolia comuna @es | Common Short-tailed Bat @en	Vespertilio perspicillatus Linnaeus, 1758 , “America.” Restricted by 0, Thomas in 1911 to: “ Surinam [= Suri name].” R. H. Pine in 1972 and L. J. McLellan and K. F. Koopman in 2008 listed names previously used for C. perspicillata . Although Pine’s review did not formally recognize subspecies, morphometric analyses by McLellan in 1984 validated these subspecific names and believed that they were widely intergraded. Three subspecies recognized.	C.p.perspicillataLinnaeus,1758—throughoutAmazonregionincludingEColombia,Venezuela,theGuianas,mostofBrazil,Ecuador,Peru,andBolivia;alsoonMargarita,Trinidad,andTobagoIs.ArecordfromGrenadacouldbeerroneousoranextralimitaloccurrence. C.p.aztecaSaussure,1860—fromNEMexico(STamaulipas)SthroughCentralAmericaintoSouthAmericaN&WofAmazonBasininVenezuela,Colombia,andEcuador. C. p. tricolor G. S. Miller, 1902 — Parana River drainage, including S Bolivia , Paraguay , S Brazil , and N Argentina .	Head—body 48-70 mm, tail 8-16 mm, ear 12-22 mm, hindfoot 12-17 mm, forearm 41-45 mm; weight 15-25 g. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat is the largest species of Carollia , although some measurements overlap with those of the Silky Short-tailed Bat (C. brevicaudum) and Sowell’s Short-tailed Bat (C. sowellr) in specific parts of their distributions. Dorsal fur of Seba’s Short-tailed Bat varies from blackish to various browns, grays, and bright orange. Fur appears shorter (5-6 mm), coarser, and sparser than in similar species. Hair on nape of neck has three bands, dark basal band, lighter middle band, and darker terminal band (sometimesfaintly frosted), but bands do not contrast sharply. Forearm is sparsely haired and looks naked in most populations. Longer tibia and feet as compared to other Carollia species. Wing membranes are dark brown to blackish and attached to ankles. Uropatagium is wide, enclosing shorttail (about one-third the length of uropatagium), with a deep notch. Horseshoe of noseleaf is free on sides and fused below nostrils. Lower lip has central papilla surrounded by smaller warts in a U-shape. Ears are moderately large, broad, and triangular, with pointed tips. Rostrum is elongated, braincase is robust, and interorbital region is slightly inflated. Upper tooth rows are fairly straight and more crowded than in the Silky Short-tailed Bat, with reduction of diastema between premolars. Lower jaw is Vshaped, and occlusal surface of I, is concealed by canine cingula. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 20 (females) or 21 (males) and FN = 36. Females are XX and males XY. additional Y is the homolog of an autosome translocated to the X element.	Typically humid tropical forests commonly at elevations below 1700 m and less frequently up to 3000 m . Seba’s Short-tailed Bat also is tolerates different habitats. It is found in tropical evergreen and deciduous forests and cleared areas covered with only grass, thickets, low shrubs, and a few trees. It might have a preference for degraded areas, where humans have transformed original forests into agricultural clearings. It can be found in open formations like savannas, cerrado, Pantanal wetlands, dry forests, deciduous forests, urban areas, and human-disturbed forests, but at lower densities.	Seba’s Short-tailed Bat is perhaps one of the most studied phyllostomids relative to its ecology, almost as much or greater than Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat ( Artibeus jamaicensis ) or Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat ( Glossophaga soricina ). Foraging patterns have been studied in detail in Costa Rica and Panama . More than 50% of dietary fruits are produced on low trees and shrubs, categorizing this bat in the “ground-story” frugivore guild. Fruit is usually carried off to be consumed in a temporary night roost. Individuals have spatially well-defined feeding patterns, with little overlap between individuals; Piper spp. ( Piperaceae ) is the preferred food during rainy seasons. Diet also includes other available fruits and some insects. Insect material constituted as much as 40% of stomach contents of Panamanian individuals in April-May. Insects constitute 10% of stomach contents in wet season and 40% in dry season in Costa Rica . It seems Seba’s Short-tailed Bat purposely supplements its diet with insects. Being a lowland species,it Is an important frugivore, consuming as many as 42 species offruits from 13 genera in twelve families of plants. As other species of Carolia ,it is strongly associated with species of Piper and Solanum ( Solanaceae ) but also species of Cecropia ( Urticaceae ), Vismia ( Hypericaceae ), and Anthurium (Araceae) . It supplements its diet with nectar and pollen during dry season when fruit availability is low and flower production peaks. Due to its abundance, Seba’s Short-tailed Bat can be an important pollinator of Ochroma lagopus ( Malvaceae ), Hymenaea courbaril ( Fabaceae ), Bombacopsis quinata ( Malvaceae ), Ceiba pentandra ( Malvaceae ), Pseudobombax septenatum ( Malvaceae ), Crescentia sp. ( Bignoniaceae ), and Manilkara zapota ( Sapotaceae ) in Costa Rica .	Seba’s Short-tailed Bat shows bimodal polyestry, with birth peaks in February—May andJune-August in Panama butearlier in Colombia , suggesting a geographically variable pattern that adjusts to local rainfall regimes. In Costa Rica , pregnant and lactating females were observed in February—June and one pregnant female in December. Like other frugivores, Seba’s Short-tailed Bat could have two birth periods: one in the last one-half of dry season and other in middle of wet season. One young is born per pregnancy.	Seba’s Short-tailed Bats leave day roosts to forage soon after sunset, creating an early evening activity peak. No other clear peaks follow. Females and bachelor males commute to feeding areas, with exploratory flights constituting only 1-5% of 393 km collectively flown by 24 tagged individuals. They then search, harvest, and carry a fruit to a feeding roost and repeat these feeding passes 40-50 times per night. They return to day roosts between 03:00 h and 05:00 h, after ingesting at least their own weight in fruit pulp and seeds. They might carry fruits to day roosts at the end of the night. Most individuals forage within 2 km oftheir day roosts. Mean recapture distances vary from 167 m to 310 m and are correlated with body size. Seba’s Shorttailed Bats roost at caves, tunnels, mines, culverts, hollow trees, hollow logs, and houses and under bridges. There is a record of two individuals roosting under banana leaves. When found in caves, Seba’s Short-tailed Bats roost in the darkest or well-lit areas.	Seba’s Short-tailed Bats use understory vegetation, where they concentrate feeding activity on fruits, especially slender, green, candle-like fruits of Piper plants. They are gregarious; groups of ten to more than 100 individuals commonly roost together. Studies in captivity and in the wild indicate that they have a polygynous (harem) social organization. Males defend protected roosting sites where females aggregate, suggesting a resource defense system. Two types of roost sites exist: harem sites used by a single territorial adult male, one or severalfemales, and juvenile offspring and bachelorsites used by adult and subadult males that do not have harems. Young femalesjoin these latter groups seasonally. Only 12-17% of adult males have harems. In captive colonies, harems have 1-5 females; males actively recruit females by hovering and vocalizing, suggesting that females choose harems on the basis of male quality. Territorial males are faithful to a given roost for up to nine months, and harem males defend their territory even in the absence of females. They actively defend their harem from intruders by nosing, wing shaking, and vocalizing. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat has low fecundity. Annual mortality rate is 53% for the first two years of life, and 22% for the following years. Life expectancy is 2-6 yearsat birth, and maximum life expectancy is nearly ten years. Survivorship of males and females is similar. Mother-young communication is mediated through sounds, but olfactory cues might also be important. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat has been observed roosting with at least 35 other bat species in eight families.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat is locally abundant, has a wide distribution,is very tolerant of various habitats, and occurs in several protected areas throughout its distribution.	Baker & Bleier (1971) | Bonaccorso et al. (2006) | Castano et al. (2018) | Charles-Dominique (1991) | Cloutier & Thomas (1992) | Durant et al. (2013) | Fleming (1988, 1991) | Fleming & Heithaus (1986) | Fleming et al. (1972) | Genowayset al. (1998) | Goodwin & Greenhall (1961) | Gorchov et al. (1995) | Heithaus & Fleming (1978) | Hoffmann & Baker (2003) | Hsu et al. (1968) | Maguina et al. (2012) | McLellan (1984) | McLellan & Koopman (2008) | Pine (1972) | Reid (2009) | Seba (1734) | Smith & Genoways (1974) | Stoner (2001) | Thies & Kalko (2004) | Thomas (1911a) | Wilson (1979)	https://zenodo.org/record/6458831/files/figure.png	110. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat Carollia perspicillata French: Carollia commune / German: Brillenblattnase / Spanish: Carolia comuna Other common names: Common Short-tailed Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio perspicillatus Linnaeus, 1758 , “America.” Restricted by 0, Thomas in 1911 to: “ Surinam [= Suri name].” R. H. Pine in 1972 and L. J. McLellan and K. F. Koopman in 2008 listed names previously used for C. perspicillata . Although Pine’s review did not formally recognize subspecies, morphometric analyses by McLellan in 1984 validated these subspecific names and believed that they were widely intergraded. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. C.p.perspicillataLinnaeus,1758—throughoutAmazonregionincludingEColombia,Venezuela,theGuianas,mostofBrazil,Ecuador,Peru,andBolivia;alsoonMargarita,Trinidad,andTobagoIs.ArecordfromGrenadacouldbeerroneousoranextralimitaloccurrence. C.p.aztecaSaussure,1860—fromNEMexico(STamaulipas)SthroughCentralAmericaintoSouthAmericaN&WofAmazonBasininVenezuela,Colombia,andEcuador. C. p. tricolor G. S. Miller, 1902 — Parana River drainage, including S Bolivia , Paraguay , S Brazil , and N Argentina . Descriptive notes. Head—body 48-70 mm, tail 8-16 mm, ear 12-22 mm, hindfoot 12-17 mm, forearm 41-45 mm; weight 15-25 g. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat is the largest species of Carollia , although some measurements overlap with those of the Silky Short-tailed Bat (C. brevicaudum) and Sowell’s Short-tailed Bat (C. sowellr) in specific parts of their distributions. Dorsal fur of Seba’s Short-tailed Bat varies from blackish to various browns, grays, and bright orange. Fur appears shorter (5-6 mm), coarser, and sparser than in similar species. Hair on nape of neck has three bands, dark basal band, lighter middle band, and darker terminal band (sometimesfaintly frosted), but bands do not contrast sharply. Forearm is sparsely haired and looks naked in most populations. Longer tibia and feet as compared to other Carollia species. Wing membranes are dark brown to blackish and attached to ankles. Uropatagium is wide, enclosing shorttail (about one-third the length of uropatagium), with a deep notch. Horseshoe of noseleaf is free on sides and fused below nostrils. Lower lip has central papilla surrounded by smaller warts in a U-shape. Ears are moderately large, broad, and triangular, with pointed tips. Rostrum is elongated, braincase is robust, and interorbital region is slightly inflated. Upper tooth rows are fairly straight and more crowded than in the Silky Short-tailed Bat, with reduction of diastema between premolars. Lower jaw is Vshaped, and occlusal surface of I, is concealed by canine cingula. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 20 (females) or 21 (males) and FN = 36. Females are XX and males XY. additional Y is the homolog of an autosome translocated to the X element. Habitat. Typically humid tropical forests commonly at elevations below 1700 m and less frequently up to 3000 m . Seba’s Short-tailed Bat also is tolerates different habitats. It is found in tropical evergreen and deciduous forests and cleared areas covered with only grass, thickets, low shrubs, and a few trees. It might have a preference for degraded areas, where humans have transformed original forests into agricultural clearings. It can be found in open formations like savannas, cerrado, Pantanal wetlands, dry forests, deciduous forests, urban areas, and human-disturbed forests, but at lower densities. Food and Feeding. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat is perhaps one of the most studied phyllostomids relative to its ecology, almost as much or greater than Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat ( Artibeus jamaicensis ) or Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat ( Glossophaga soricina ). Foraging patterns have been studied in detail in Costa Rica and Panama . More than 50% of dietary fruits are produced on low trees and shrubs, categorizing this bat in the “ground-story” frugivore guild. Fruit is usually carried off to be consumed in a temporary night roost. Individuals have spatially well-defined feeding patterns, with little overlap between individuals; Piper spp. ( Piperaceae ) is the preferred food during rainy seasons. Diet also includes other available fruits and some insects. Insect material constituted as much as 40% of stomach contents of Panamanian individuals in April-May. Insects constitute 10% of stomach contents in wet season and 40% in dry season in Costa Rica . It seems Seba’s Short-tailed Bat purposely supplements its diet with insects. Being a lowland species,it Is an important frugivore, consuming as many as 42 species offruits from 13 genera in twelve families of plants. As other species of Carolia ,it is strongly associated with species of Piper and Solanum ( Solanaceae ) but also species of Cecropia ( Urticaceae ), Vismia ( Hypericaceae ), and Anthurium (Araceae) . It supplements its diet with nectar and pollen during dry season when fruit availability is low and flower production peaks. Due to its abundance, Seba’s Short-tailed Bat can be an important pollinator of Ochroma lagopus ( Malvaceae ), Hymenaea courbaril ( Fabaceae ), Bombacopsis quinata ( Malvaceae ), Ceiba pentandra ( Malvaceae ), Pseudobombax septenatum ( Malvaceae ), Crescentia sp. ( Bignoniaceae ), and Manilkara zapota ( Sapotaceae ) in Costa Rica . Breeding. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat shows bimodal polyestry, with birth peaks in February—May andJune-August in Panama butearlier in Colombia , suggesting a geographically variable pattern that adjusts to local rainfall regimes. In Costa Rica , pregnant and lactating females were observed in February—June and one pregnant female in December. Like other frugivores, Seba’s Short-tailed Bat could have two birth periods: one in the last one-half of dry season and other in middle of wet season. One young is born per pregnancy. Activity patterns. Seba’s Short-tailed Bats leave day roosts to forage soon after sunset, creating an early evening activity peak. No other clear peaks follow. Females and bachelor males commute to feeding areas, with exploratory flights constituting only 1-5% of 393 km collectively flown by 24 tagged individuals. They then search, harvest, and carry a fruit to a feeding roost and repeat these feeding passes 40-50 times per night. They return to day roosts between 03:00 h and 05:00 h, after ingesting at least their own weight in fruit pulp and seeds. They might carry fruits to day roosts at the end of the night. Most individuals forage within 2 km oftheir day roosts. Mean recapture distances vary from 167 m to 310 m and are correlated with body size. Seba’s Shorttailed Bats roost at caves, tunnels, mines, culverts, hollow trees, hollow logs, and houses and under bridges. There is a record of two individuals roosting under banana leaves. When found in caves, Seba’s Short-tailed Bats roost in the darkest or well-lit areas. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Seba’s Short-tailed Bats use understory vegetation, where they concentrate feeding activity on fruits, especially slender, green, candle-like fruits of Piper plants. They are gregarious; groups of ten to more than 100 individuals commonly roost together. Studies in captivity and in the wild indicate that they have a polygynous (harem) social organization. Males defend protected roosting sites where females aggregate, suggesting a resource defense system. Two types of roost sites exist: harem sites used by a single territorial adult male, one or severalfemales, and juvenile offspring and bachelorsites used by adult and subadult males that do not have harems. Young femalesjoin these latter groups seasonally. Only 12-17% of adult males have harems. In captive colonies, harems have 1-5 females; males actively recruit females by hovering and vocalizing, suggesting that females choose harems on the basis of male quality. Territorial males are faithful to a given roost for up to nine months, and harem males defend their territory even in the absence of females. They actively defend their harem from intruders by nosing, wing shaking, and vocalizing. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat has low fecundity. Annual mortality rate is 53% for the first two years of life, and 22% for the following years. Life expectancy is 2-6 yearsat birth, and maximum life expectancy is nearly ten years. Survivorship of males and females is similar. Mother-young communication is mediated through sounds, but olfactory cues might also be important. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat has been observed roosting with at least 35 other bat species in eight families. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat is locally abundant, has a wide distribution,is very tolerant of various habitats, and occurs in several protected areas throughout its distribution. Bibliography. Baker & Bleier (1971), Bonaccorso et al. (2006), Castano et al. (2018), Charles-Dominique (1991), Cloutier & Thomas (1992), Durant et al. (2013), Fleming (1988, 1991), Fleming & Heithaus (1986), Fleming et al. (1972), Genowayset al. (1998), Goodwin & Greenhall (1961), Gorchov et al. (1995), Heithaus & Fleming (1978), Hoffmann & Baker (2003), Hsu et al. (1968), Maguina et al. (2012), McLellan (1984), McLellan & Koopman (2008), Pine (1972), Reid (2009), Seba (1734), Smith & Genoways (1974), Stoner (2001), Thies & Kalko (2004), Thomas (1911a), Wilson (1979).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Phyllostomidae	Carollia perspicillata	Carollia		perspicillata	Linnaeus	1758	1	Syst. Nat., 10th ed.	1:31	Seba's Short-tailed Bat	 amplexicaudata E. Geoffroy, 1818; azteca Saussure, 1860; brachyotus Schinz, 1821; braziliensis Gray, 1838; calcaratum Wagner, 1843; tricolor Miller, 1902; verrucata Gray, 1844.	Surinam.	Oaxaca, Veracruz and Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, SE Brazil and Guianas; Trinidad and Tobago; perhaps Jamaica, N Lesser Antilles. A record from Grenada (Lesser Antilles) is probably erroneous; see Genoways et al. (1998).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Includes tricolor ; see Pine (1972). Some authors have recognized subspecies, but see Pine (1972), McLellan (1984), Koopman (1994) and Velazco (2013).See also Cloutier and Thomas (1992). Phylogeography discussed by Ditchfield (2000). See discussion in Lemos et al. (2020) for morphological variation and characters useful for distinguishing among perspicillata , brevicauuda , and benkeithi in Brazil.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Carollia perspicillata	23	Seba's Short-tailed Bat	Common Short-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	CAROLLIINAE	NA	Carollia	NA	perspicillata	Linnaeus	1758	1	Vespertilio_perspicillatus	Linnaeus, C. von. (1758). Systema Naturae. Regnum Animale. 10th Ed. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, vol. 1, 31.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25033865#page/41/mode/1up	BM 1867.4.12.597		"America." Restricted by O. Thomas in 1911 to "Surinam [= Suriname]."			perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758)|azteca Saussure, 1860|amplexicauda (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818)|brachyotos (Schinz, 1821)|braziliensis J. E. Gray, 1838|calcaratum (J. A. Wagner, 1843)|verrucata J. E. Gray, 1844|tricolor (G. S. Miller, 1902)	NA	NA	Mexico|Belize|Guatemala|Honduras|El Salvador|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad & Tobago|Grenada?|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Brazil|Bolivia|Paraguay|Argentina	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Carollia_perspicillata	0	sciname match	Carollia_perspicillata	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	3905	Carollia perspicillata	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	Carollia	perspicillata	(Linnaeus, 1758)	This includes tricolor (Simmons 2005).	20000000	Carollia perspicillata	Least Concern		2015	2015-07-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, as it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	It is found in tunnels and the understory. Bats of this species are widespread and highly abundant in many localities of the Neotropics. They demonstrate a strong preference for fruits of the family Piperaceae (Fleming 1988), but may feed on at least 38 different plant families (Geiselman et al. 2002). They may also feed on nectar, pollen and insects during seasons of low fruit availability (Mello et al . 2004). A more generalist diet may be a mechanism that allow coexistence of this species and other member of the same genus in the same locality (Thies and Kalko 2004), and the focus on Piper may reduce competition with other small-sized frugivorous phyllostomids like Sturnira (Marinho-Filho 1991). These bats present the typical bimodal reproductive pattern of plant-eating phyllostomids, and the timing of their breeding seasons is mainly determined by climate and fruiting food-plants (Mello et al . 2004). Cloutier and Thomas (1992) report that C. perspicillata bats may form colonies from a few to hundreds of individuals. Charles-Dominique (1991) observed differences in feeding behaviour between males and females, especially during the reproductive season. There is a strong reduction in number of captures of these bats in mist-nets during brighter periods and nights, an evidence of lunar phobia (Mello 2006).	There are no threats known to this species.	Bats of this species are widespread and highly abundant in many localities of the Neotropics.	Stable	This species occurs in Oaxaca, Veracruz and the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil and the Guianas. It is also in Trinidad and Tobago, and perhaps the northern Lesser Antilles (Simmons 2005).	This species is not used.	Terrestrial	This species needs taxonomic review. It is found in protected areas.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Phyllostomidae	Carollia		perspicillata	Linnaeus	1758	1	Syst. Nat., 10th ed.	1:31	Seba's Short-tailed Bat	 amplexicaudata E. Geoffroy, 1818; azteca Saussure, 1860; brachyotus Schinz, 1821; braziliensis Gray, 1838; calcaratum Wagner, 1843; tricolor Miller, 1902; verrucata Gray, 1844.	Surinam.	Oaxaca, Veracruz and Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, SE Brazil and Guianas; Trinidad and Tobago; perhaps Jamaica, N Lesser Antilles. A record from Grenada (Lesser Antilles) is probably erroneous; see Genoways et al. (1998).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Includes tricolor ; see Pine (1972). Some authors have recognized subspecies, but see Pine (1972), McLellan (1984), Koopman (1994) and Velazco (2013).See also Cloutier and Thomas (1992). Phylogeography discussed by Ditchfield (2000). See discussion in Lemos et al. (2020) for morphological variation and characters useful for distinguishing among perspicillata , brevicauuda , and benkeithi in Brazil.	Carollia perspicillata	1004877	23	Seba's Short-tailed Bat	Common Short-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	Phyllostomidae	CAROLLIINAE	NA	Carollia	NA	perspicillata	Linnaeus	1758	1	Vespertilio_perspicillatus	Linnaeus, C. von. (1758). Systema Naturae. Regnum Animale. 10th Ed. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, vol. 1, 31.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25033865#page/41/mode/1up	BM 1867.4.12.597		"America." Restricted by O. Thomas in 1911 to "Surinam [= Suriname]."			perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758)|azteca Saussure, 1860|amplexicauda (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818)|brachyotos (Schinz, 1821)|braziliensis J. E. Gray, 1838|calcaratum (J. A. Wagner, 1843)|verrucata J. E. Gray, 1844|tricolor (G. S. Miller, 1902)	NA	NA				Mexico|Belize|Guatemala|Honduras|El Salvador|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad & Tobago|Grenada?|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Brazil|Bolivia|Paraguay|Argentina	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Carollia_perspicillata	0	sciname match	Carollia_perspicillata	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Carollia_perspicillata	1004877	23	Seba's Short-tailed Bat	Common Short-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Noctilionoidea	Phyllostomidae	Carolliinae	NA	Carollia	NA	perspicillata	Linnaeus	1	Vespertilio perspicillatus	Linnaeus, C. 1758-01-01. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 823 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25033823	BMNH:Mamm:1867.4.12.597	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/7cc0b649-dd9b-4ac4-a891-a39d99be8639	"America." Restricted by O. Thomas in 1911 to "Surinam [= Suriname]."			NA	NA				Mexico|Belize|Guatemala|Honduras|El Salvador|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad and Tobago|Grenada?|Guyana|Suriname|French Guiana|Ecuador|Peru|Brazil|Bolivia|Paraguay|Argentina	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Carollia_perspicillata	0	sciname match	Carollia_perspicillata	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Phyllostomidae	Carollia		perspicillata	Linnaeus	1758	1	Syst. Nat., 10th ed.	1:31	Seba's Short-tailed Bat	amplexicaudata E. Geoffroy, 1818; azteca Saussure, 1860; brachyotus Schinz, 1821; braziliensis Gray, 1838; calcaratum Wagner, 1843; tricolor Miller, 1902; verrucata Gray, 1844.	Surinam.	Oaxaca, Veracruz and Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico) to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, SE Brazil and Guianas; Trinidad and Tobago; perhaps Jamaica, N Lesser Antilles. A record from Grenada (Lesser Antilles) is probably erroneous; see Genoways et al. (1998).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3905/22133716/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Includes tricolor; see Pine (1972). Some authors have recognized subspecies, but see Pine (1972), McLellan (1984), Koopman (1994) and Velazco (2013).See also Cloutier and Thomas (1992). Phylogeography discussed by Ditchfield (2000). See discussion in Lemos et al. (2020) for morphological variation and characters useful for distinguishing among perspicillata, brevicauuda, and benkeithi in Brazil.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Carollia perspicillata; Carollia perspicillata; Carollia perspicillata; Carollia perspicillata; Carollia perspicillata; Carollia perspicillata; amplexicaudata; azteca; brachyotus; braziliensis; calcaratum; tricolor; verrucata; perspicillata; azteca; tricolor; amplexicaudata; azteca; brachyotus; braziliensis; calcaratum; tricolor; verrucata; perspicillata; azteca; amplexicauda; brachyotos; braziliensis; calcaratum; verrucata; tricolor; Carollia commune; Brillenblattnase; Carolia comuna; Common Short-tailed Bat; Seba's Short-tailed Bat; Common Short-tailed Bat; Seba's Short-tailed Bat; Seba's Short-tailed Bat; C. perspicillata