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MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1112	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	N/A	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus cartilagonodus		[HMW] Otopteropus cartilagonodus Kock, 1969 , Sitio Pactil, Mountain Province , Luzon, Philippines . This species is monotypic.														cartilagonodus				cartilagonodus 	cartilagonodus 			cartilagonodus Kock, 1969		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Luzon, Philippines		N/A					Distribution: Known only from Luzon.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Luzon, Philippines; K	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Kock	1969	Senckenberg. Biol., 50:333.		Luzon (Philippines).	Philippines, Luzon, Mountain Prov., Sitio Pactil.		KOCK	1969	Size small (forearm length, 46-48 mm).	Distribution: Known only from Luzon.	No subspecies.		35	species	O. cartilagonodus	KOCK	1969	Otopteropus	genus	Otopteropus cartilagonodus				Size small (forearm length, 46-48 mm).	No subspecies.		1. O. cartilagonodus KOCK 1969.	1	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus		cartilagonodus	Kock		1969		Senckenberg. Biol.	50		333		Luzon Fruit Bat	Philippines, Luzon, Mountain Prov., Sitio Pactil.	Luzon (Philippines).	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Indeterminate. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.			03AD87FAFFD6F63889BB3FE6F9DAF643	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	76	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFD6F63889BB3FE6F9DAF643.xml	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Pteropodidae	Otopteropus	cartilagonodus	Kock	1969	Cynoptere a poil long @fr | Luzon-Kleinflughund @de | Otoptérido de Luzén @es | Luzon Fruit Bat @en	Otopteropus cartilagonodus Kock, 1969 , Sitio Pactil, Mountain Province , Luzon, Philippines . This species is monotypic.	N Philippines (Luzon I).	Head—body 69-74 mm (tailless), ear 11-16 mm , hindfoot 9-12 mm , forearm 44-47 mm ; weight 12-15 g . Slight sexual dimorphism occursin selected craniodental and external variables in some localities. Head of the Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat is round, with wide muzzle at base and tapering; nostrils are long tubular and divergent, with thickened rims; philtrum is divided into two parallel grooves reaching upperlip; and lower lip has two triangular pads. Eyes are very large and bulging; iris 1s coffee-brown to dark brown. Ears are short and rounded, with white nodule near base of medial pinna rim and another one near base of lateral pinna rim. Head pelage is long, soft, and grayish brown, occasionally darker, and continues on nape; dorsum has longer, woolly pelage distributed to bases of forearms, sides of wing membranes, and at least one-half of tibia and uropatagium. Uropatagium is reduced at center, and calcaris short. Throat, chest, and belly are lighter grayish brown, extended between ventral base of forearm and knee. Breeding males have large, circular gland on upper abdomen. Wing membranes are brown from sides of body and attach to first toe, index claw is present, and thumb is very long. Skull is small and delicate, with no basicranial deflection; rostrum is straight; nasal apertureis relatively large; forehead is pronounced; orbit is very large; braincase is round; zygomatic root is slightly above upper alveolar line; and zygoma is very thin and little arched posteriorly. Dorsally, rostrum tapers; paranasal recesses are inflated, not reaching base of thin, needle-like postorbital processes; there is no postorbital foramina or postorbital constriction; braincase is globose, with low temporal lines (not joined in a sagittal crest); and nuchal crest is indistinct. Ventrally, palate is flat and relatively long; tooth rows have very little arch; post-dental is moderately long, with small palatine spine joined to sphenoidal crest; and ectotympanic is very small and wider anteriorly. Mandible is thin, coronoid is long and sloping, and tip is small; condyle is level with lower alveolar line; and angle is gently rounded. Dental formalais 11/1, C1/1, P 3/3, M1/] (x2) = 24. I is converging (I! absent); C! is small and decurved; P' is tiny but with distinguishable crown; posterior cheekteeth are well developed, decreasing in height to peg-like M', with oval to rectangular outline. I, is bifid, with inner cusp longer (I, absent); C, is very small, almost straight; P| has developed crown; posterior cheekteeth are very tall and straight anteriorly, decreasing in height to an almost flat M, with triangular to rectangular and oval outline. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 62(?), with six pairs of metacentric or submetacentric, three pairs of telocentric, and 15 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes; sex chromosomes undetermined.	Moist lowland and montane rainforests and tropical pine forests at elevations of 200-2530 m . The Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat is more common at higher elevations in mossy forest and also found in secondary and mixed forest/cropland habitat.	The Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous. It is known to eat small fruits (e.g. Melastoma , Melastomataceae ).	The Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat is seasonally monoestrous. Females have one young during a locally synchronous birthing season in May-June, likely followed by postpartum estrus, mating, conception, implantation,initial development to the primitive-streak stage (or just before) in embryos 2-4 mm long, and prolonged delayed development at these stages. Rapid embryonic development resumes toward the end of gestation; maximum crown-rump length of embryo is 30 mm .	No information.	No information.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat is common and widespread and the most abundant fruit bat at elevations above 1000 m .	Giannini & Simmons (2007a) | Heaney et al. (2016) | Heideman et al. (1993) | Kock (1969c) | Olson et al. (2001) | Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Heaney, Duya, Gonzalez & Balete (2008) | Rickart et al. (1999) | Ruedas et al. (1994)		27. Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat Otopteropus cartilagonodus French: Cynoptere a poil long / German: Luzon-Kleinflughund / Spanish: Otoptérido de Luzén Other common names: Luzon Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Otopteropus cartilagonodus Kock, 1969 , Sitio Pactil, Mountain Province , Luzon, Philippines . This species is monotypic. Distribution. N Philippines (Luzon I). Descriptive notes. Head—body 69-74 mm (tailless), ear 11-16 mm , hindfoot 9-12 mm , forearm 44-47 mm ; weight 12-15 g . Slight sexual dimorphism occursin selected craniodental and external variables in some localities. Head of the Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat is round, with wide muzzle at base and tapering; nostrils are long tubular and divergent, with thickened rims; philtrum is divided into two parallel grooves reaching upperlip; and lower lip has two triangular pads. Eyes are very large and bulging; iris 1s coffee-brown to dark brown. Ears are short and rounded, with white nodule near base of medial pinna rim and another one near base of lateral pinna rim. Head pelage is long, soft, and grayish brown, occasionally darker, and continues on nape; dorsum has longer, woolly pelage distributed to bases of forearms, sides of wing membranes, and at least one-half of tibia and uropatagium. Uropatagium is reduced at center, and calcaris short. Throat, chest, and belly are lighter grayish brown, extended between ventral base of forearm and knee. Breeding males have large, circular gland on upper abdomen. Wing membranes are brown from sides of body and attach to first toe, index claw is present, and thumb is very long. Skull is small and delicate, with no basicranial deflection; rostrum is straight; nasal apertureis relatively large; forehead is pronounced; orbit is very large; braincase is round; zygomatic root is slightly above upper alveolar line; and zygoma is very thin and little arched posteriorly. Dorsally, rostrum tapers; paranasal recesses are inflated, not reaching base of thin, needle-like postorbital processes; there is no postorbital foramina or postorbital constriction; braincase is globose, with low temporal lines (not joined in a sagittal crest); and nuchal crest is indistinct. Ventrally, palate is flat and relatively long; tooth rows have very little arch; post-dental is moderately long, with small palatine spine joined to sphenoidal crest; and ectotympanic is very small and wider anteriorly. Mandible is thin, coronoid is long and sloping, and tip is small; condyle is level with lower alveolar line; and angle is gently rounded. Dental formalais 11/1, C1/1, P 3/3, M1/] (x2) = 24. I is converging (I! absent); C! is small and decurved; P' is tiny but with distinguishable crown; posterior cheekteeth are well developed, decreasing in height to peg-like M', with oval to rectangular outline. I, is bifid, with inner cusp longer (I, absent); C, is very small, almost straight; P| has developed crown; posterior cheekteeth are very tall and straight anteriorly, decreasing in height to an almost flat M, with triangular to rectangular and oval outline. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 62(?), with six pairs of metacentric or submetacentric, three pairs of telocentric, and 15 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes; sex chromosomes undetermined. Habitat. Moist lowland and montane rainforests and tropical pine forests at elevations of 200-2530 m . The Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat is more common at higher elevations in mossy forest and also found in secondary and mixed forest/cropland habitat. Food and Feeding. The Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous. It is known to eat small fruits (e.g. Melastoma , Melastomataceae ). Breeding. The Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat is seasonally monoestrous. Females have one young during a locally synchronous birthing season in May-June, likely followed by postpartum estrus, mating, conception, implantation,initial development to the primitive-streak stage (or just before) in embryos 2-4 mm long, and prolonged delayed development at these stages. Rapid embryonic development resumes toward the end of gestation; maximum crown-rump length of embryo is 30 mm . Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat is common and widespread and the most abundant fruit bat at elevations above 1000 m . Bibliography. Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Heaney et al. (2016), Heideman et al. (1993), Kock (1969c), Olson et al. (2001), Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Heaney, Duya, Gonzalez & Balete (2008), Rickart et al. (1999), Ruedas et al. (1994).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Otopteropus		cartilagonodus	Kock	1969	0	Senckenberg. Biol.	55:33:00	Luzon Fruit Bat	None.	Philippines, Luzon, Mountain Prov., Sitio Pactil.	Luzon (Philippines).	Not listed.	Least Concern		Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	23	Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat	Luzon Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	CYNOPTERINAE	BALIONYCTERINI	Otopteropus	NA	cartilagonodus	Kock	1969	0						Sitio Pactil, Mountain Province, Luzon, Philippines.			cartilagonodus Kock, 1969	NA	NA	Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Otopteropus_cartilagonodus	0	sciname match	Otopteropus_cartilagonodus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	15665	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Otopteropus	cartilagonodus	Kock, 1969		20000000	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Least Concern		2020	2019-06-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	O. cartilagonodus is listed as Least Concern because it is widespread and common on Luzon, especially at higher elevations where threats are minimal. It has a wide range and is presumed to have a large population, and its rate of decline is not sufficient to warrant listing in a threatened category.	This species is most common in primary and well-developed secondary lowland, montane, and mossy forest (Heaney et al. 1998). It is also present in badly degraded forest. Data on reproductive biology has been documented (Heideman et al . 1993).	This species is affected by deforestation at lower elevation within its range. However, it also occurs in montane forest which remains relatively intact (L. Heaney pers. comm. 2006). Overall, this species has clearly declined because of habitat loss, but it is not significantly threatened, especially as it can adapt to some secondary habitats.	The abundance of Otopteropus cartilagonodus is variable and it is usually most common at middle elevations (Kock 1969, Mickleburgh et al. 1992, Ruedas et al. 1994, Utzurrum 1992, Heaney et al . 1998).	Decreasing	The Luzon pygmy fruit bat is endemic to the Philippines, where it is widespread on Luzon Island (Abra, Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Kalinga, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain, Nueva Viscaya, Quezon, Quirino, Zambales provinces) (Heaney et al. 1998) occurring at an elevation range of 200-2,250 m asl (Heaney et al . 1998). There are no records from nearby offshore islands (Heaney pers. comm. 2016).		Terrestrial	This species occurs in some protected areas.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Otopteropus		cartilagonodus	Kock	1969	0	Senckenberg. Biol.	55:33:00	Luzon Fruit Bat	None.	Philippines, Luzon, Mountain Prov., Sitio Pactil.	Luzon (Philippines).	Not listed.	Least Concern		Otopteropus cartilagonodus	1004369	23	Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat	Luzon Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	CYNOPTERINAE	BALIONYCTERINI	Otopteropus	NA	cartilagonodus	Kock	1969	0						Sitio Pactil, Mountain Province, Luzon, Philippines.			cartilagonodus Kock, 1969	NA	NA				Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Otopteropus_cartilagonodus	0	sciname match	Otopteropus_cartilagonodus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Otopteropus_cartilagonodus	1004369	23	Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat	Luzon Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Cynopterinae	Balionycterini	Otopteropus	NA	cartilagonodus	Kock	0	Otopteropus cartilagonodus	Kock, D. 1969-11-21. Eine bemerkenswerte neue Gattung und Art Flaghunde von Luzon, Philippinen (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Senckenbergiana biologica 50(5-6):329-338.		SMF:MAMM:28462	holotype		Sitio Pactil, Mountain Province, Luzon, Philippines.			NA	NA				Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Otopteropus_cartilagonodus	0	sciname match	Otopteropus_cartilagonodus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Otopteropus		cartilagonodus	Kock	1969	0	Senckenberg. Biol.	55:33:00	Luzon Fruit Bat	None.	Philippines, Luzon, Mountain Prov., Sitio Pactil.	Luzon (Philippines).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15665/22122206/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>			Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Otopteropus cartilagonodus; Otopteropus cartilagonodus; Otopteropus cartilagonodus; Otopteropus cartilagonodus; Otopteropus cartilagonodus; Otopteropus cartilagonodus; cartilagonodus; Cynoptere a poil long; Luzon-Kleinflughund; Otoptérido de Luzén; Luzon Fruit Bat; Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat; Luzon Fruit Bat; Luzon Fruit Bat; Luzon Fruit Bat; O. cartilagonodus