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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1109	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops wroughtoni		[MSW3] Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997), Walston and Bates (2001), and Thabah and Bates (2002).; [HMW] Nyctinomus wroughtoni Thomas, 1913 , “Barapede Cave, near Talewadi [Kanara], S. India .” This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997), Walston and Bates (2001), and Thabah and Bates (2002).; [batnames2023] Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997), Walston and Bates (2001), and Thabah and Bates (2002).; [batnames2025_1.7] Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997), Walston and Bates (2001), and Thabah and Bates (2002).														wroughtoni				wroughtoni	wroughtoni			wroughtoni (O. Thomas, 1913)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Wroughton's free-tailed	S India bat	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Otomops wroughtoni	India, Mysore, Kanara, near Talewadi.	Thomas	1913	J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 22:87.	Distribution: Known only from southern India.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Wroughton's free-tailed bat	S India	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Thomas	1913	J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 22:87.		S India.	India, Mysore, Kanara, near Talewadi.		THOMAS	1913	Size fairly large (forearm length, 62-68 mm).	Distribution: Known only from southern India.	No subspecies.		142	species	O. wroughtoni	THOMAS	1913	Otomops	genus	Otomops wroughtoni				Size fairly large (forearm length, 62-68 mm).	No subspecies.		4. O. wroughtoni (THOMAS 1913).	4	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Molossidae	Molossinae		Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops		wroughtoni	Thomas	y	1913		J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.	22		87		Wroughton's Giant Mastiff Bat	India, Mysore, Kanara, near Talewadi, Barapede Cave.	S and NE India, Cambodia.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Critically Endangered.		Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997), Walston and Bates (2001), and Thabah and Bates (2002).	194287C9FF94BA38B49DF0E4BA2FFCF3	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf	hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce	659	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FF94BA38B49DF0E4BA2FFCF3.xml	Otomops wroughtoni	Molossidae	Otomops	wroughtoni	Thomas	1913	Tadaride de Wroughton @fr | \Wroughton-Riesenbulldogfledermaus @de | Otomops de Wroughton @es	Nyctinomus wroughtoni Thomas, 1913 , “Barapede Cave, near Talewadi [Kanara], S. India .” This species is monotypic.	Recorded from six disjunct locations in SW & NE India and NE Cambodia , including type locality in Karnataka, and Phrang Karuh Cave, Jaintia Hills, and Thangsah in Meghalaya; in Cambodia known only from a single specimen from Chhaeb district, Preah Vihear Province , while another record based on a photograph of a dead bat from Bahon Temple is also provisionally referred to this species.	Head—body 87-99 mm, tail 41-49 mm, ear ¢. 35 mm , forearm 63— 67 mm . Fur is generally chocolate-brown on dorsal side, and paler or grayish brown on ventral side; a thin grayish white collar extends across back, around neck and throat, and from axilla to groin. Upper lip is not heavily wrinkled as in the Wrinklelipped Free-tailed Bat ( Chaerephon plicatus ). Ears are large and join each other by a flap of skin over forehead. Small shallow gular sac is present in both sexes. There are white bristles on side offirst toe of hindfoot. Skull is rounded and smooth; sagittal crest is poorly developed; there is a very well-developed postorbital plate on upperpart of each zygoma.	Forested habitat. At Barapede Cave, Karnataka , located in moist deciduous, semi-evergreen forest at an elevation of 800 m ; both sexes were found roosting together in a deep hollow of the cave ceiling. In north-eastern India , the roost cave is located in a tropical semi-evergreen forest and near cultivated areas, at an elevation of 170 m . The species was recently found in three limestone caves in the Jaintia Hills of south-eastern Meghalaya . In Cambodia , a fallen bat was captured by hand in lowland degraded mixed deciduous forest, near semi-evergreen forest patches, at an elevation of less than 150 m .	Diet of Wroughton’s Giant Mastiff Bat is not known but is probably similar to other large molossids. The speciesflies fast and straight, in open space about 10 m aboveground.	A female Wroughton’s Giant Mastiff Bat was found with a single young in December, where other females were pregnant with a single fetus. Individuals collected in March and May were found sexually inactive.	Wroughton’s Giant Mastiff Bat is known to roost in caves, and was sometimes observed to come out from its roost late, up to 21:00 h. It uses narrowband FM signals with very low frequency. Based on hand-released individuals, start frequency is 18-5 kHz and end frequency is 12-4 kHz, with a peak frequency of 15-3 kHz and durations of 48-60 milliseconds.	Wroughton’s Giant Mastiff Bats form very small to medium-sized colonies of 2-15 individuals, up to an estimated 82 individuals.	Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Populations are disjunct and very small, with only some 100 individuals each. Unregulated tourism and limestone mining, as well as deforestation, are considered the major threats to Wroughton’s Giant Mastiff Bat.	Bates & Harrison (1997) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Francis (2008a) | Prabhukhanolkar (2016) | Ruedi et al. (2014) | Thabah & Bates (2002) | Walston & Bates (2001)	https://zenodo.org/record/6567900/files/figure.png	97. Wroughton’s Giant Mastiff Bat Otomops wroughtoni French: Tadaride de Wroughton / German: \Wroughton-Riesenbulldogfledermaus / Spanish: Otomops de Wroughton Taxonomy. Nyctinomus wroughtoni Thomas, 1913 , “Barapede Cave, near Talewadi [Kanara], S. India .” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Recorded from six disjunct locations in SW & NE India and NE Cambodia , including type locality in Karnataka, and Phrang Karuh Cave, Jaintia Hills, and Thangsah in Meghalaya; in Cambodia known only from a single specimen from Chhaeb district, Preah Vihear Province , while another record based on a photograph of a dead bat from Bahon Temple is also provisionally referred to this species. Descriptive notes. Head—body 87-99 mm, tail 41-49 mm, ear ¢. 35 mm , forearm 63— 67 mm . Fur is generally chocolate-brown on dorsal side, and paler or grayish brown on ventral side; a thin grayish white collar extends across back, around neck and throat, and from axilla to groin. Upper lip is not heavily wrinkled as in the Wrinklelipped Free-tailed Bat ( Chaerephon plicatus ). Ears are large and join each other by a flap of skin over forehead. Small shallow gular sac is present in both sexes. There are white bristles on side offirst toe of hindfoot. Skull is rounded and smooth; sagittal crest is poorly developed; there is a very well-developed postorbital plate on upperpart of each zygoma. Habitat. Forested habitat. At Barapede Cave, Karnataka , located in moist deciduous, semi-evergreen forest at an elevation of 800 m ; both sexes were found roosting together in a deep hollow of the cave ceiling. In north-eastern India , the roost cave is located in a tropical semi-evergreen forest and near cultivated areas, at an elevation of 170 m . The species was recently found in three limestone caves in the Jaintia Hills of south-eastern Meghalaya . In Cambodia , a fallen bat was captured by hand in lowland degraded mixed deciduous forest, near semi-evergreen forest patches, at an elevation of less than 150 m . Food and Feeding. Diet of Wroughton’s Giant Mastiff Bat is not known but is probably similar to other large molossids. The speciesflies fast and straight, in open space about 10 m aboveground. Breeding. A female Wroughton’s Giant Mastiff Bat was found with a single young in December, where other females were pregnant with a single fetus. Individuals collected in March and May were found sexually inactive. Activity patterns. Wroughton’s Giant Mastiff Bat is known to roost in caves, and was sometimes observed to come out from its roost late, up to 21:00 h. It uses narrowband FM signals with very low frequency. Based on hand-released individuals, start frequency is 18-5 kHz and end frequency is 12-4 kHz, with a peak frequency of 15-3 kHz and durations of 48-60 milliseconds. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Wroughton’s Giant Mastiff Bats form very small to medium-sized colonies of 2-15 individuals, up to an estimated 82 individuals. Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Populations are disjunct and very small, with only some 100 individuals each. Unregulated tourism and limestone mining, as well as deforestation, are considered the major threats to Wroughton’s Giant Mastiff Bat. Bibliography. Bates & Harrison (1997), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Prabhukhanolkar (2016), Ruedi et al. (2014), Thabah & Bates (2002), Walston & Bates (2001).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Molossidae	Otomops wroughtoni	Otomops		wroughtoni	Thomas	1913	1	J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.	0.9771	Wroughton's Giant Mastiff Bat	None.	India, Mysore, Kanara, near Talewadi, Barapede Cave.	S and NE India, Cambodia.	Not listed.	Data Deficient	Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997), Walston and Bates (2001), and Thabah and Bates (2002).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Otomops wroughtoni	23	Wroughton's Giant Mastiff Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MOLOSSIDAE	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Otomops	NA	wroughtoni	O. Thomas	1913	1	Nyctinomus_wroughtoni	Thomas, O. (1913). On a remarkable new free-tailed bat from Southern Bombay. The journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 22, 87.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95307#page/139/mode/1up	BM 1912.11.24.1		"Barapede Cave, near Talewadi [Kanara], S. India."			wroughtoni (O. Thomas, 1913)	NA	NA	India|Cambodia	Asia	Indomalaya	DD	0	0	0	Otomops_wroughtoni	0	sciname match	Otomops_wroughtoni	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	15646	Otomops wroughtoni	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MOLOSSIDAE	Otomops	wroughtoni	(Thomas, 1913)		20000000	Otomops wroughtoni	Data Deficient		2016	2015-12-14 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<p><span lang="EN-US">This species is listed as Data Deficient due to little knowledge of taxonomy, population size, distribution, ecology and threats. Until very recently this species was only known from one locality in India. In the last ten years the species has been recorded from four sites in north eastern India (Meghalaya) and a site in Cambodia suggesting a much larger range than previously thought.</p>	<p><span lang="EN-US">The Barapede cave is located on a lateritic ;plateau above a moist deciduous, semi evergreen forested valley at 800 m with high humidity inside (Alfred et al. 2006) (Prabhukhanolkar, pers. comm. 2015). The bats were found to live in small groups of 2 to 15 individuals both sexes in crevices throughout the cave (Bates and Harrison 1997, Alfred et al. 2006). ;</p><p><span lang="EN-US">Few larger groups of 20-35 individuals are regularly observed in relatively bigger avens ; in the ceiling at Barapede cave. Few time bats are observed inside the Barapede cave till 9.00 PM in the evening <span lang="EN-US">(Prabhukhanolkar ;pers. comm. 2015).</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">The cave where a specimen was captured in north-east India is likewise situated on the edge of a plateau at 170 m Asl in a tropical semi-evergreen forest and near cultivated areas (Thabah and Bates 2002). The three recently discovered ;roosting sites are ;</span><span lang="EN-US">limestone caves<span class="A1"><span lang="EN-US"> in the Jaintia hills of southeastern Meghalaya, India. ;<span class="A1"><span lang="EN-US">Ruedi et al. ;(2014) has observed ; <span lang="EN-US">larger aggregations (12–70 individuals) of bats in relatively large cupola (avens) in the ceiling, while smaller groups (3–8 individuals) roosting in narrower crevices of the ceiling. <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></span></p><p><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">Walston and Bates (2001) report a single bat captured in lowland degraded mixed deciduous forest (nearby one of the few semi-evergreen patches in the area) at 140 m Asl in Cambodia.</p>	<p><span lang="EN-US">The species is threatened from increased tourism, human interference and collections for scientific purposes (Molur et al. 2002). The habitat close to the Barapede cave is threatened from submergence due to a proposed dam and river diversion project in the region (Prabhukhanolkar, pers. comm. 2015) (Molur et al . 2002). The spread of alien plants species Prosopis sp. at the cave mouth is a visible hindrance to bat activities (Pradhan pers. comm. 2003). </p> <p><span lang="EN-US">Threats to the populations at the other recently discovered new localities in Northeast India are <span lang="EN-US">deforestation and severe destruction of native habitats induced by unregulated limestone and coal mining, and deforestation. Expanding commercial plantation of Areca catechu , and <span lang="EN-US">Thysanolaena maxima can also adversely affects potential foraging habitats (<span class="A1"><span lang="EN-US">Ruedi et al. 2014).</span></span></span></p>	<p><span lang="EN-US">Ramakrishna et al . (2003) describe the colony in Barapede cave as numbering approximately 70 individuals. They also state that females have been recorded carrying one foetus/young. </p> <p><span lang="EN-US">Thabah and Bates (2002) report one specimen captured outside the Phrang Karuh cave in Meghalaya, India. Ruedi et al . (2014) reported ca 90 individuals ;from three caves in southeastern Meghalaya, Jaintia hills. A population of ca 82 individuals at Cave near <span lang="EN-US">Pynurkba, and ca 15 individuals in the cave near the village of Umlatdoh were observed, while in a third cave near village of Thangsah bats could not be counted as they were concealed deeper in a narrow crevice ;<span lang="EN-US">(<span class="A1"><span lang="EN-US">Ruedi et al . 2014).<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US">Walston and Bates (2001) report a single bat captured in Cambodia. The population in Barapede Cave seems to fluctuate between 40 and 100 as reported by different workers, while the population numbers and trends in the two new locations are unknown. The average count from the Barapede cave from 2012 to 2015 is about 82+ individuals ;(Prabhukhanolkar, pers. comm. 2015).</span></p>	Unknown	<p><span lang="EN-US">This species is known from six disjunct sites in India and Cambodia. In India, the species has been recorded from the type locality of Barapede Cave near Talewadi, Belagavi district, in Karnataka (Bates and Harrison 1997), and more recently from Phrang Karuh Cave, near Nongtrai village, Shella confederacy, Meghalaya (Thabah and Bates 2002) and from three caves in southeastern Mehgalaya in Jaintia hills <span lang="EN-US">located near the villages of Pynurkba, near village of Umlatdoh, and a third cave near village of Thangsah ;<span lang="EN-US">(<span class="A1"><span lang="EN-US">Ruedi et al . 2014)<span lang="EN-US">.<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US">In Cambodia, it is known only from a recent collection in Chhep District, Preah Vihear Province (Walston and Bates 2001). There is another unpublished putative second record from Cambodia, a photograph of a dead specimen from Bahon temple (Bates and Fahr pers. comm. 2015).</span></p> <span lang="EN-US">It has been recorded from an elevation of 140 to 860 m asl (Bates and Harrison 1997, ;<span class="A1"><span lang="EN-US">Ruedi et al . 2014).</span>		Terrestrial	<p><span lang="EN-US">The The Brapede cave ;is part of the core zone of the recently notified Bhimgad sanctuary, in Karnataka, India. (Prabhukhanolkar pers. comm. 2015) ;In Meghalaya (Northeast India) One of the three recently found major ;cave roost ; near ;Jaintia hills ; has received official protection and also has strong support from the villagers owning the cave and surrounding remnant of forest (Mukhim and Ruedi pers. comm. 2014).</p> <p><span lang="EN-US">The species is included in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act amended 2006 (Molur pers. comm. 2008). This species has been proposed to receive the highest level of protection under Cambodian wildlife law (Walston and Bates 2001). Further extensive ;survey work to determine population numbers and range is required for this species. Also genetic evaluation of all known populations of this species and other Otomops would lead to a better understanding of their taxonomy, distribution and ecology.</span></p>	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Molossidae	Otomops		wroughtoni	Thomas	1913	1	J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.	0.977083	Wroughton's Giant Mastiff Bat	None.	India, Mysore, Kanara, near Talewadi, Barapede Cave.	S and NE India, Cambodia.	Not listed.	Data Deficient	Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997), Walston and Bates (2001), and Thabah and Bates (2002).	Otomops wroughtoni	1005245	23	Wroughton's Giant Mastiff Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Molossidae	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Otomops	NA	wroughtoni	O. Thomas	1913	1	Nyctinomus_wroughtoni	Thomas, O. (1913). On a remarkable new free-tailed bat from Southern Bombay. The journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 22, 87.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95307#page/139/mode/1up	BM 1912.11.24.1		"Barapede Cave, near Talewadi [Kanara], S. India."			wroughtoni (O. Thomas, 1913)	NA	NA				India|Cambodia	Asia	Indomalaya	DD	0	0	0	Otomops_wroughtoni	0	sciname match	Otomops_wroughtoni	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Otomops_wroughtoni	1005245	23	Wroughton's Giant Mastiff Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Molossidae	Molossinae	NA	Otomops	NA	wroughtoni	O. Thomas	1	Nyctinomus wroughtoni	Thomas, O. 1913-04-21. On a remarkable new free-tailed bat from southern Bombay. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 22(1):87-91.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30154978	BMNH:Mamm:1912.11.24.1	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/f153fcab-6d11-4080-86e9-b07e72dcc90a	"Barapede Cave, near Talewadi [Kanara], S. India."			NA	NA				India|Cambodia	Asia	Indomalaya	DD	0	0	0	Otomops_wroughtoni	0	sciname match	Otomops_wroughtoni	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Molossidae	Otomops		wroughtoni	Thomas	1913	1	J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.	0.977083	Wroughton's Giant Mastiff Bat	None.	India, Mysore, Kanara, near Talewadi, Barapede Cave.	S and NE India, Cambodia.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15646/22112971/' target='_blank'>Data Deficient</a>	Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997), Walston and Bates (2001), and Thabah and Bates (2002).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Otomops wroughtoni; Otomops wroughtoni; Otomops wroughtoni; Otomops wroughtoni; Otomops wroughtoni; Otomops wroughtoni; wroughtoni; Tadaride de Wroughton; \Wroughton-Riesenbulldogfledermaus; Otomops de Wroughton; Wroughton's Giant Mastiff Bat; Wroughton's Giant Mastiff Bat; Wroughton's Giant Mastiff Bat; O. wroughtoni