http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format	name_CH1_1980	name_MSW1_1982	name_CH3_1991	name_MSW2_1993	name_Koopman_1994	name_MSW3_2005	name_HMW_2019	name_BatNames_2022	name_MDD_2022	name_IUCN_2022	name_BatNames_2023	name_MDD_2023	name_MDD_2025_2.0	name_batnames_2025_1.7	name_MDD_2025_2.2	column151	taxonomic_notes_concatenated	column171	synonyms_CH1	subspecies__MSW2	synonyms__MSW1	synonyms_CH3	synonyms_MSW2	subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted	subspecies_MSW3_interpreted	synonym_MSW3_interpreted	subspecies_HMW_interpreted	synonym_HMW_interpreted	subspecies_batnames_interpreted	synonym_batnames_interpreted	synonym_MDD_interpreted	synonym_IUCN_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2025_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted	synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted	nominalNames	column391	docOrigin_CH1	commonName_CH1	distribution_CH1	docOrigin_MSW1	column451	typeLocality_MSW1	authority_MSW1	year_MSW1	citation_MSW1	distribution	comment_MSW1	docOrigin_CH3	commonName_CH3	distribution_CH3	docOrigin_MSW2	authority_MSW2	year_MSW2	citation_MSW2	comments_MSW2	distribution_MSW2	typeLocality_MSW2	docOrigin_Koopman94	authority_Koopman94	year_Koopman94	description_Koopman94	distribution_Koopman94	diversity_Koopman94	subspecies_Koopman94	page	rank	name	authority	year	parent	parent_rank	corrected_name	actual_species_count	claimed_species_count	dental_formula	description	diversity	full_subspecies_text	name_line	species_index	subspecies	synonym	text	docOrigin_MSW3	order_MSW3	family_MSW3	subfamily_MSW3	tribe_MSW3	name_MSW3	genus_MSW3	subgenus_MSW3	species_MSW3	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3	(parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3	authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3	actualDate_MSW3	citation_MSW3	volume_MSW3	issue_MSW3	pages_MSW3	type_species_MSW3	commonName_MSW3	typeLocality_MSW3	distribution_MSW3	status_MSW3	synonym_MSW3	comments_MSW3	docId_HMW	docOrigin_HMW	docISBN_HMW	docName_HMW	docMasterId_HMW	docPageNumber_HMW	derivedFrom_HMW	name_HMW	family_HMW	genus_HMW	species_HMW	authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW	authoritySpeciesYear	commonNames_HMW	taxonomy_HMW	subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW	descriptiveNotes_HMW	habitat_HMW	foodAndFeeding_HMW	breeding_HMW	activityPatterns_HMW	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW	statusAndConservation_HMW	bibliography_HMW	distributionImageURL_HMW	verbatimText_HMW	docOrigin_batnames	family_batnames	name_batnames	genus_batnames	subgenus_batnames	species_batnames	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames	date_batnames	parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses)	citation_batnames	docPageNumber_batnames	common Name_batnames	synonyms_batnames	type_locality_batnames	Distribution_batnames	CITES_batnames	IUCN_batnames	comments_batnames	docOrigin_MDD	name_MDD	phylosort_MDD	mainCommonName_MDD	otherCommonNames_MDD	subclass_MDD	infraclass_MDD	magnorder_MDD	superorder_MDD	order_MDD	suborder_MDD	infraorder_MDD	parvorder_MDD	superfamily_MDD	family_MDD	subfamily_MDD	tribe_MDD	genus_MDD	subgenus_MDD	specificEpithet_MDD	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD	authorityParentheses_MDD	originalNameCombination_MDD	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD	holotypeVoucher_MDD	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD	typeLocality_MDD	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD	nominalNames_MDD	taxonomyNotes_MDD	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD	countryDistribution_MDD	continentDistribution_MDD	biogeographicRealm_MDD	iucnStatus_MDD	extinct_MDD	domestic_MDD	flagged_MDD	CMW_sciName_MDD	diffSinceCMW_MDD	MSW3_matchtype_MDD	MSW3_sciName_MDD	diffSinceMSW3_MDD	docOrigin_IUCN	internalTaxonId_IUCN	NAME_IUCN	kingdomName_IUCN	phylumName_IUCN	className_IUCN	orderName_IUCN	familyName_IUCN	genusName_IUCN	speciesName_IUCN	authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN	taxonomicNotes_IUCN	assessmentId_IUCN	scientificName_IUCN	redlistCategory_IUCN	redlistCriteria_IUCN	yearPublished_IUCN	assessmentDate_IUCN	criteriaVersion_IUCN	language_IUCN	rationale_IUCN	habitat_IUCN	threats_IUCN	population_IUCN	populationTrend_IUCN	range_IUCN	useTrade_IUCN	systems_IUCN	conservationActions_IUCN	realm_IUCN	yearLastSeen_IUCN	possiblyExtinct_IUCN	possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN	scopes_IUCN	docOrigin_batnames2023	FAMILY_batnames2023	GENUS_batnames2023	SUBGENUS_batnames2023	SPECIES_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023	PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES)	CITATION_batnames2023	PAGES_batnames2023	COMMON NAME_batnames2023	SYNONYMS_batnames2023	TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023	DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023	CITES_batnames2023	IUCN_batnames2023	COMMENTS_batnames2023	name MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1093	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	Nyctophilus timoriensis [synonym of]	Nyctophilus timoriensis major	Nyctophilus timoriensis major	Nyctophilus major	Nyctophilus major	Nyctophilus major	Nyctophilus major	Nyctophilus major	Nyctophilus major	Nyctophilus major	Nyctophilus major	Nyctophilus major		[HMW] Nyctophilus major J. E. Gray, 1844 , Perth, Western Australia , Australia . As currently recognized, Nyctophilus includes seven species groups: major , goulds, microtis , bifax , microdon , geoffroyi , and howensis . Nyctophilus major is in the major species group along with N. corbeni and possibly N. daedalus . Nyctophilus and sister genus Pharotis have generally been included as a separate tribe in Vespertilioninae ( Nyctophilini ) or as a separate subfamily ( Nyctophilinae ), but genetic data from Nyctophilus have recently placed it sister to Chalinolobus in Vespertilionini . Nyctophilus major was previously included under N. timoriensis as a subspecies; however, the name timoriensis is considered a species inquirenda because of ambiguity of type locality, lack of definitive type specimen, and lack of an adequate enough description or illustration to identify the name to any currently recognized species. What was previously recognized as N. timoriensis has been broken into four distinct species: N. major , N. corbeni , N. sherrini , and N. shirleyae . Specimens of Nyctophilus from TimorIsland recently obtained by K. M. Helgen apparently bare resemblance to N. heran , but comparison of these specimens to other Nyctophilus has not been done, and the name fimoriensis will continue to go unused for now. Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  major species group. See Parnaby (2009) for the status of timoriensis and use of major. ; [MDD2022] split from timoriensis (now considered a nomen dubium/species inquirenda); [IUCN] This taxon was considered part of Nyctophilus timoriensis . It is now recognised as a separate species comprising two sub-species: Nyctophilus major tor , a sexually dimorphic form occupying the woodlands of temperate semi-arid and arid Western and South Australia, and N. m. major Gray, 1844 occupying the temperate forests of mesic south-western Australia (Parnaby 2009).; [batnames2023]  major species group. See Parnaby (2009) for the status of timoriensis and use of major. ; [MDD2023] split from timoriensis (now considered a nomen dubium/species inquirenda); [MDD2025_2.0] split from N. timoriensis; [batnames2025_1.7] major species group. Does not include timoriensis; see Parnaby and Helgen (2023). See Parnaby (2009) for the use of major.; [MDD2025_2.2] split from N. timoriensis										major, tor	timoriensis - unused	major, tor	tor - timoriensis	major, major, tor	This taxon was considered part of Nyctophilus timoriensis . It is now recognised as a separate species comprising two sub-species: Nyctophilus major tor , a sexually dimorphic form occupying the woodlands of temperate semi-arid and arid Western and South Australia, and N. m. major Gray, 1844 occupying the temperate forests of mesic south-western Australia (Parnaby 2009).	major, tor		major, tor 	major, tor 	major, tor		major J. E. Gray, 1841 [nomen nudum]|major J. E. Gray, 1844|tor Parnaby, 2009						N/A																																								_N. m. major_ Gray, 1844 (synonyms: _major_ Gray, 1841); _N. m. tor_ Parnaby, 2009																											4C3D87E8FFD06A68FA8593731B32BDF0	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	801	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFD06A68FA8593731B32BDF0.xml	Nyctophilus major	Vespertilionidae	Nyctophilus	major	J. E. Gray	1844	Nyctophile de Perth @fr | Gro Re Langohrfledermaus @de | Nictofila de Perth @es | Greater Long-eared Bat @en	Nyctophilus major J. E. Gray, 1844 , Perth, Western Australia , Australia . As currently recognized, Nyctophilus includes seven species groups: major , goulds, microtis , bifax , microdon , geoffroyi , and howensis . Nyctophilus major is in the major species group along with N. corbeni and possibly N. daedalus . Nyctophilus and sister genus Pharotis have generally been included as a separate tribe in Vespertilioninae ( Nyctophilini ) or as a separate subfamily ( Nyctophilinae ), but genetic data from Nyctophilus have recently placed it sister to Chalinolobus in Vespertilionini . Nyctophilus major was previously included under N. timoriensis as a subspecies; however, the name timoriensis is considered a species inquirenda because of ambiguity of type locality, lack of definitive type specimen, and lack of an adequate enough description or illustration to identify the name to any currently recognized species. What was previously recognized as N. timoriensis has been broken into four distinct species: N. major , N. corbeni , N. sherrini , and N. shirleyae . Specimens of Nyctophilus from TimorIsland recently obtained by K. M. Helgen apparently bare resemblance to N. heran , but comparison of these specimens to other Nyctophilus has not been done, and the name fimoriensis will continue to go unused for now. Two subspecies recognized.	N.m.major].E.Gray,1844—SWWesternAustralia. N. m. tor Parnaby, 2009 — WC (one record) & S Western Australia and S South Australia E to Eyre Peninsula.	Head-body 51-65 mm, tail 40-52 mm, ear 21-5-28-6 mm, forearm 37-6-48-4 mm; weight 11-17-5 g. Males are a little smaller than females. The Western Long-eared Bat has very large ears and unique simple noseleaf consisting of two ridges, one further on muzzle and another immediately above nostrils, with vertical groove in middle and furred trough between them. Dorsal pelage is dark grayish brown; venter is lighter grayish white. Rostrum, ears, and wing membranes are dark blackish brown. Rostrum is short and blunt, with ridge across muzzle over nostrils that is low, broad, and without vertical groove. Ears are very large and broad, with bluntly rounded tips, horizontal ribbing on inner surfaces, inward curved anterior edges, and smooth posterior edges (ears can fold back at top ofthick part of anterior edge); large and furred interauricular band crosses forehead between ears; tragus is small and bluntly rounded at tip, being convex on anterior margin. Glans penis has comparatively large urethral lappets, and distal part is simple and lacks any protrusions. Baculum is 4-2—4-6 mm long, with moderately thin shaft (but thick in terms of Nyctophilus ) that constricts right before tip in dorsal view; tip has very small notch in dorsal view, and base is strongly bifurcated; in lateral view, baculum is curved downward at base, but shaftis straight to narrowed tip. Skull is robust and narrower than in Corben’s Long-eared Bat (N. cor beni) but broader than in the Tasmanian Long-eared Bat (NV. sherrini ); rostrum is short, broad, and robust; braincase is narrow, zygomatic arches are less rounded compared with Corben’s Long-eared Bat, and palate is longer; sagittal and lambdoidal crests are moderately developed; and M? and lower molars are extremely reduced. Dental formula for all species of Nyctophilusis11/3,C1/1,P1/2,M 3/3 (x2) = On following pages: 80. Corben’s Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus corbeni ); 81. Pallid Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus daedalus ); 82. Gould's Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus gould); 84. New Caledonian Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus nebulosus ); 85. Papuan Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus microtis ); 86. Pygmy Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus walker ); 87. Eastern Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus bifax ); 88. Northern Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus arnhemensis ); 89. Mount Missim Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus shirleyae ); 90. Small-toothed Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus microdon ); 91. Lesser Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus geoffroyi ); 92. Sunda Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus heran ); 93. Lord Howe Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus howensis ).	Generally Banksia ( Proteaceae ) woodlands, Casuarina ( Casuarinaceae ) and Melaleuca ( Myrtaceae ) forests, and tall eucalypt forests with high annual rainfall, preferring habitats with well-developed shrub understories.	Western Long-eared Bats primarily forage by perch-hunting, and they use passive listening with their large ears to locate prey; they probably use echolocation in some cases. Crickets are common prey, but a variety of other insects are eaten. They are known to glean insects off the ground and also have been observed foraging on the ground at times. They are slow fliers (6-9 km/h while foraging), but they have higher wing loading than other species of Nyctophilus , implying higher flight speed.	Western Long-eared Bats breed once a year in March—May; captive individuals have copulated as late as June. Spermatogenesis begins in November, and peak testicular size is attained in March, declining until May when males have enlarged epididymides but not enlarged testes. Sperm storage in females occurs in cauda isthmus of the oviduct and endometrial glands near utero-tubal junction; ovulation and fertilization are delayed until late August or September. Twins are born from late October to November, and volant young are first noted in December. Lactating females can be captured until February when young are weaned.	Western Long-eared Bats are nocturnal. They spend the day roosting in hollows and fissures of tree trunks and limbs and leave around dusk to forage. They often roost in mature or dead Eucalyptus rudis and Melaleuca rhaphiophylla (both Myrtaceae ). They are able to enter torpor to conserve energy during harsh conditions and during the day as needed. Their body temperature is normally 35°C, but it can drop to within 1-5°C of ambient temperature. Torpor provides metabolic savings of ¢.95% under ambient temperatures of5-15°C. They reportedly enter torpor at ambient temperatures of5-23°C and can spontaneously arouse at any time. They can maintain torpor for ¢.60 days straight if they rely solely on fat reserves. Call shape is very steep FM sweep, with peak frequencies of 42-47 kHz (mean 44-4 kHz) that cannot be easily identified from other long-eared bats.	Western Long-eared Bats roost alone or in pairs, and they switch roosts often, only staying at a roost for 1-2 days. They only move a short distance between each roost, and roosts are located relatively close to foraging areas, resulting in travel of ¢. 1200 m to feed.	Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Western Long-eared Bat has a wide distribution and does not seem to have any major threats.	Bailey & Haythornthwaite (1998) | Bullen & McKenzie (2002a, 2002b) | Churchill (2008) | Hosken (1996, 1997a, 1997b) | Hosken, Bailey et al. (1994) | Hosken, Blackberry et al. (1998) | McKenzie (2008) | Parnaby (2009)	https://zenodo.org/record/6397936/files/figure.png	79. Western Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus major French: Nyctophile de Perth / German: GroRe Langohrfledermaus / Spanish: Nictofila de Perth Other common names: Greater Long-eared Bat Taxonomy. Nyctophilus major J. E. Gray, 1844 , Perth, Western Australia , Australia . As currently recognized, Nyctophilus includes seven species groups: major , goulds, microtis , bifax , microdon , geoffroyi , and howensis . Nyctophilus major is in the major species group along with N. corbeni and possibly N. daedalus . Nyctophilus and sister genus Pharotis have generally been included as a separate tribe in Vespertilioninae ( Nyctophilini ) or as a separate subfamily ( Nyctophilinae ), but genetic data from Nyctophilus have recently placed it sister to Chalinolobus in Vespertilionini . Nyctophilus major was previously included under N. timoriensis as a subspecies; however, the name timoriensis is considered a species inquirenda because of ambiguity of type locality, lack of definitive type specimen, and lack of an adequate enough description or illustration to identify the name to any currently recognized species. What was previously recognized as N. timoriensis has been broken into four distinct species: N. major , N. corbeni , N. sherrini , and N. shirleyae . Specimens of Nyctophilus from TimorIsland recently obtained by K. M. Helgen apparently bare resemblance to N. heran , but comparison of these specimens to other Nyctophilus has not been done, and the name fimoriensis will continue to go unused for now. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. N.m.major].E.Gray,1844—SWWesternAustralia. N. m. tor Parnaby, 2009 — WC (one record) & S Western Australia and S South Australia E to Eyre Peninsula. Descriptive notes. Head-body 51-65 mm, tail 40-52 mm, ear 21-5-28-6 mm, forearm 37-6-48-4 mm; weight 11-17-5 g. Males are a little smaller than females. The Western Long-eared Bat has very large ears and unique simple noseleaf consisting of two ridges, one further on muzzle and another immediately above nostrils, with vertical groove in middle and furred trough between them. Dorsal pelage is dark grayish brown; venter is lighter grayish white. Rostrum, ears, and wing membranes are dark blackish brown. Rostrum is short and blunt, with ridge across muzzle over nostrils that is low, broad, and without vertical groove. Ears are very large and broad, with bluntly rounded tips, horizontal ribbing on inner surfaces, inward curved anterior edges, and smooth posterior edges (ears can fold back at top ofthick part of anterior edge); large and furred interauricular band crosses forehead between ears; tragus is small and bluntly rounded at tip, being convex on anterior margin. Glans penis has comparatively large urethral lappets, and distal part is simple and lacks any protrusions. Baculum is 4-2—4-6 mm long, with moderately thin shaft (but thick in terms of Nyctophilus ) that constricts right before tip in dorsal view; tip has very small notch in dorsal view, and base is strongly bifurcated; in lateral view, baculum is curved downward at base, but shaftis straight to narrowed tip. Skull is robust and narrower than in Corben’s Long-eared Bat (N. cor beni) but broader than in the Tasmanian Long-eared Bat (NV. sherrini ); rostrum is short, broad, and robust; braincase is narrow, zygomatic arches are less rounded compared with Corben’s Long-eared Bat, and palate is longer; sagittal and lambdoidal crests are moderately developed; and M? and lower molars are extremely reduced. Dental formula for all species of Nyctophilusis11/3,C1/1,P1/2,M 3/3 (x2) = On following pages: 80. Corben’s Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus corbeni ); 81. Pallid Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus daedalus ); 82. Gould's Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus gould); 84. New Caledonian Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus nebulosus ); 85. Papuan Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus microtis ); 86. Pygmy Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus walker ); 87. Eastern Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus bifax ); 88. Northern Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus arnhemensis ); 89. Mount Missim Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus shirleyae ); 90. Small-toothed Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus microdon ); 91. Lesser Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus geoffroyi ); 92. Sunda Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus heran ); 93. Lord Howe Long-eared Bat ( Nyctophilus howensis ). Habitat. Generally Banksia ( Proteaceae ) woodlands, Casuarina ( Casuarinaceae ) and Melaleuca ( Myrtaceae ) forests, and tall eucalypt forests with high annual rainfall, preferring habitats with well-developed shrub understories. Food and Feeding. Western Long-eared Bats primarily forage by perch-hunting, and they use passive listening with their large ears to locate prey; they probably use echolocation in some cases. Crickets are common prey, but a variety of other insects are eaten. They are known to glean insects off the ground and also have been observed foraging on the ground at times. They are slow fliers (6-9 km/h while foraging), but they have higher wing loading than other species of Nyctophilus , implying higher flight speed. Breeding. Western Long-eared Bats breed once a year in March—May; captive individuals have copulated as late as June. Spermatogenesis begins in November, and peak testicular size is attained in March, declining until May when males have enlarged epididymides but not enlarged testes. Sperm storage in females occurs in cauda isthmus of the oviduct and endometrial glands near utero-tubal junction; ovulation and fertilization are delayed until late August or September. Twins are born from late October to November, and volant young are first noted in December. Lactating females can be captured until February when young are weaned. Activity patterns. Western Long-eared Bats are nocturnal. They spend the day roosting in hollows and fissures of tree trunks and limbs and leave around dusk to forage. They often roost in mature or dead Eucalyptus rudis and Melaleuca rhaphiophylla (both Myrtaceae ). They are able to enter torpor to conserve energy during harsh conditions and during the day as needed. Their body temperature is normally 35°C, but it can drop to within 1-5°C of ambient temperature. Torpor provides metabolic savings of ¢.95% under ambient temperatures of5-15°C. They reportedly enter torpor at ambient temperatures of5-23°C and can spontaneously arouse at any time. They can maintain torpor for ¢.60 days straight if they rely solely on fat reserves. Call shape is very steep FM sweep, with peak frequencies of 42-47 kHz (mean 44-4 kHz) that cannot be easily identified from other long-eared bats. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Western Long-eared Bats roost alone or in pairs, and they switch roosts often, only staying at a roost for 1-2 days. They only move a short distance between each roost, and roosts are located relatively close to foraging areas, resulting in travel of ¢. 1200 m to feed. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Western Long-eared Bat has a wide distribution and does not seem to have any major threats. Bibliography. Bailey & Haythornthwaite (1998), Bullen & McKenzie (2002a, 2002b), Churchill (2008), Hosken (1996, 1997a, 1997b), Hosken, Bailey et al. (1994), Hosken, Blackberry et al. (1998), McKenzie (2008), Parnaby (2009).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Nyctophilus major	Nyctophilus		major	Gray	1844	0	Zool. Voy. H.M.S. "Erebus" and "Terror,"	12b, plate 21, fig. 2	Greater Long-eared Bat	<b> tor </b> Parnaby, 2009; timoriensis Geoffroy, 1906 [ nomen dubium ].	Australia, Western Australia, Perth	S Australia	Not listed.	Least Concern	 major species group. See Parnaby (2009) for the status of timoriensis and use of major. 	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Nyctophilus major	23	Western Long-eared Bat	Greater Long-eared Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Nyctophilus	NA	major	J. E. Gray	1844	0	Nyctophilus_major	Gray, J. E. (1844). The zoology of the voyage of the H.M.S. Erebus & Terror, under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, during the years 1839 to 1843. By authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Vol. 1. Mammalia, Birds. E. W. Janson, London, 12b.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31178#page/34/mode/1up	BM 1844.7.9.20		Perth, Western Australia, Australia.			major J. E. Gray, 1844|major J. E. Gray, 1841 [nomen nudum]|tor Parnaby, 2009	split from timoriensis (now considered a nomen dubium/species inquirenda)	Parnaby, H. E. (2009). A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa. Australian Zoologist, 35(1), 39-81.	Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Nyctophilus_major	0	unmatched	NA	1	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	90000000	Nyctophilus major	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Nyctophilus	major	Gray, 1844	This taxon was considered part of Nyctophilus timoriensis . It is now recognised as a separate species comprising two sub-species: Nyctophilus major tor , a sexually dimorphic form occupying the woodlands of temperate semi-arid and arid Western and South Australia, and N. m. major Gray, 1844 occupying the temperate forests of mesic south-western Australia (Parnaby 2009).	90000000	Nyctophilus major	Least Concern		2020	2019-08-15 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<span class="datalabel1">Nyctophilus major <span class="datalabel1"> is assessed as Least Concern even though it is dependent on mature, long-unburnt forests and woodlands that, for the last century, have been extensively cleared for farming and timber, and thinned by logging, salinity, stock-grazing and/or extensive bushfires. It may be declining, but there is no data indicating a rate &gt;10% in 16.8 years (3 generations; GL = 5.6 years based on similar species; Pacifici et al. 2013).</span>	<p><span class="datalabel1">Nyctophilus major is found in areas of eucalypt forest and woodland (Eucalyptus diversicolor E. marginata, E. gomphocephala, Melaleuca raphiophylla and Corymbia calophylla forests. Eucalyptus salmonophloia, E. salubris, E. oleosa, E. ovularis, Allocasuarina heugeliana and Acacia accuminata woodlands) with a prominent shrub stratum, especially near granite outcrops and old dams. In these habitats it roosts in tree crevices, foliage or under loose bark (Hoskins 1996), and hunts in cluttered air spaces at shrub height and around the sides of understory thickets using slow, fluttering flight and gentle turns as it gleans surfaces for insects and spiders (Woinarski et al. 2014). It also ambushes passing airborne insects from a perch. It is known to enter torpor to conserve energy and water loss (Hoskins 1997). Young are born from spring to early summer; lactating females have been found in February. Females are 15% larger than males in arid parts of the species range, which separates their foraging niches.</p> <span class="datalabel1">At western end of the species range, Hoskins (1996) found roosting was solitary, that individuals moved between roost sites every few days, and that distances between capture sites and roosts were less than 1200 metres.</span>	Major threats include a severe degradation and loss of mature, long-unburnt forests and woodlands that, for the last century, have been extensively cleared for farming and timber, and thinned by logging, salinity, stock-grazing and/or extensive bushfires.	The species is inferred to have a population decline based on a declining habitat quality and loss. There are no data indicating a rate &gt;10% in 16.2 years (3 generations; GL = 5.6 years based on GL of similar species in Pacifici et al. 2013).	Decreasing	<span class="datalabel1">The species has an extensive distribution through the western temperate zone of Australia, specifically the Warren, southern Swan Coastal Plain, Jarrah Forest, southern Avon, Mallee, Coolgardie and Hampton bioregions of Western Australia, and the Eyre and southern Gawler bioregions of South Australia.	There is no known value in trading or commercial use of this species.	Terrestrial	This species is not known to occur in protected areas. Research is needed to assess the species population status and trends, ecology, and threats.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Nyctophilus		major	Gray	1844	0	Zool. Voy. H.M.S. "Erebus" and "Terror,"	12b, plate 21, fig. 2	Greater Long-eared Bat	<b> tor </b> Parnaby, 2009; timoriensis Geoffroy, 1906 [ nomen dubium ].	Australia, Western Australia, Perth	S Australia	Not listed.	Least Concern	 major species group. See Parnaby (2009) for the status of timoriensis and use of major. 	Nyctophilus major	1005761	23	Western Long-eared Bat	Greater Long-eared Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Nyctophilus	NA	major	J. E. Gray	1844	0	Nyctophilus_major	Gray, J. E. (1844). The zoology of the voyage of the H.M.S. Erebus & Terror, under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, during the years 1839 to 1843. By authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Vol. 1. Mammalia, Birds. E. W. Janson, London, 12b.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31178#page/34/mode/1up	BM 1844.7.9.20		Perth, Western Australia, Australia.			major J. E. Gray, 1844|major J. E. Gray, 1841 [nomen nudum]|tor Parnaby, 2009	split from timoriensis (now considered a nomen dubium/species inquirenda)	Parnaby, H. E. (2009). A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa. Australian Zoologist, 35(1), 39-81.				Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Nyctophilus_major	0	unmatched	NA	1	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Nyctophilus_major	1005761	23	Western Long-eared Bat	Greater Long-eared Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Vespertilionini	Nyctophilus	NA	major	J. E. Gray	0	Nyctophilus major	Gray, J.E. 1844-12-02. Part IV. Pp. 5–8 in Richardson, J. and Gray, J.E. 1844-1875. The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Erebus & Terror, under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, R.N., F.R.S., during the years 1839 to 1843. Vol. I. Mammalia, Birds. E. W. Janson, London, not continuously paginated pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6957562	BMNH:Mamm:1844.7.9.20	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/b008bd0b-86fc-4788-baf9-b1f5084bdcfd	Perth, Western Australia, Australia.			split from N. timoriensis	Parnaby, H. E. (2009). A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa. Australian Zoologist, 35(1), 39-81.				Australia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Nyctophilus_major	0	unmatched	NA	1	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Nyctophilus		major	Gray	1844	0	Zool. Voy. H.M.S. "Erebus" and "Terror,"	12b, plate 21, fig. 2	Greater Long-eared Bat	tor Parnaby, 2009; timoriensis Geoffroy, 1906 [nomen dubium].	Australia, Western Australia, Perth	S Australia	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/85289614/85289618/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	major species group. Does not include timoriensis; see Parnaby and Helgen (2023). See Parnaby (2009) for the use of major.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Nyctophilus major; Nyctophilus major; Nyctophilus major; Nyctophilus major; Nyctophilus major; major; tor; timoriensis - unused; tor; tor - timoriensis; major; major; tor; Nyctophile de Perth; Gro Re Langohrfledermaus; Nictofila de Perth; Greater Long-eared Bat; Western Long-eared Bat; Greater Long-eared Bat; Greater Long-eared Bat; N. major