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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1065	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene major		[MSW3] cephalotes species group. Reviewed in part by Koopman (1979) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [HMW] Harpyia major Dobson, 1877 , “Duke-of-York Island ,” Bismarck Archipelago , Papua New Guinea , Indonesia . Nyctimene major was traditionally in the cephalotes species group along with N. rabori , N. robinsoni , N. cephalotes , and N. keasti . Species group arrangement in Nyctimene is currently tentative, and additional research will alter arrangement presented here because genetic data do not support most of the species groups in this genus. As a whole, Nyctimene is under revision, and the current subspecies list is tentative because there might be multiple species included under currently recognized N. major. The probably extinct taxon from Santa Cruz Island, sanctacrucis, is generally recognized as a distinct species, but it is most likely a subspecies of N. major (as treated here) or even a synonym. Five subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  cephalotes species group. Reviewed in part by Koopman (1979) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [MDD2022] includes sanctacrucis; [batnames2023]  cephalotes species group. Reviewed in part by Koopman (1979) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [MDD2023] may include N. sanctacrucis, but the species is recognized here until further research is done; [MDD2025_2.0] may include N. sanctacrucis, but the species is recognized here until further research is done; [batnames2025_1.7] cephalotesspecies group. Reviewed in part by Koopman (1979) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [MDD2025_2.2] may include N. sanctacrucis, but the species is recognized here until further research is done						geminus, lullulae, scitulus.	lullulae, geminus, major, scitulus									major, geminus, lullulae, scitulus 		major, lullulae, geminus, scitulus	major, lullulae, gemina, scitula	geminus, lullulae, major, scitulus		major (Dobson, 1877)|lullulae O. Thomas, 1904|geminus Andersen, 1910|scitula Andersen, 1910		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Greater tube-nosed bat	E New Guinea, Bismarck Arch.	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Nyctimene major	Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Duke of York Isl.	Dobson	1877	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877:117.	Distribution: Some small is lands off the northern and eastern sides of New Guinea, also the Bismarcks and Solomons.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Greater tube-nosed bat	Bismarck Arch., Trobriand, Louisiade, D'Entrecasteaux, Solomon Is	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Dobson	1877	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877:117.		D'Entrecasteaux Isis, Trobriand Isis, Bismarck and Louisiade Archs. (Papua New Guinea), Solomon Isis, and small islands off the north coast of New Guinea. A New Guinea mainland record is almost certainly erroneous; see Koopman (1979).	Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Duke of York Isl.		DOBSON	1877	Dorsal stripe narrow (much less than one third breadth of furred area of back). Premaxillae not proclivous. Size medium to large (forearm length, 67-86 mm; maxillary tooth row length, 10.2-14.2 mm). Ear somewhat rounded and clearly shorter than hind foot (with claws). Cran ium relatively flat.	Distribution: Some small is lands off the northern and eastern sides of New Guinea, also the Bismarcks and Solomons.	Four subspecies.	N. m. lullulae (Schouten islands, Karkar, and Bagabag, all off the northern coast of New Guinea, also Woodlark and possibly Kiriwina in the Trobriands), N. m. geminus (D'En trecasteaux and Louisiade archipelagos), N. m. major (Bis marcks), N. m. scitulus (Solomons east to Guadalcanal).	36	species	N. major	DOBSON	1877	Nyctimene	genus	Nyctimene major				Dorsal stripe narrow (much less than one third breadth of furred area of back). Premaxillae not proclivous. Size medium to large (forearm length, 67-86 mm; maxillary tooth row length, 10.2-14.2 mm). Ear somewhat rounded and clearly shorter than hind foot (with claws). Cran ium relatively flat.	Four subspecies.		10. N. major (DOBSON 1877) [major group].	10	_N. m. geminus_ Andersen, 1910; _N. m. lullulae_ Thomas, 1904; _N. m. major_ (Dobson, 1877); _N. m. scitula_ Andersen, 1910			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Nyctimene major	Nyctimene		major	Dobson	y	1877		Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1877		117		Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat	Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Duke of York Isl.	D'Entrecasteaux Isls, Trobriand Isls, Bismarck and Louisiade Archs. (Papua New Guinea), Solomon Isls, and small islands off the north coast of New Guinea. A New Guinea mainland record is almost certainly erroneous; see Koopman (1979).	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	geminus K. Andersen, 1910; lullulae Thomas, 1904; scitulus K. Andersen, 1910.	cephalotes species group. Reviewed in part by Koopman (1979) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998).	03AD87FAFFFAF6158CB6339DFE76F9BE	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	120	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFFAF6158CB6339DFE76F9BE.xml	Nyctimene major	Pteropodidae	Nyctimene	major	Dobson	1877	Nyctiméne géant @fr | Gro Rer Rohrennasenflughund @de | Nyctimeno gigante @es | Dobson's Tube-nosed Bat @en | @en | sland Tube-nosed Bat; Nendo Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (sanctacrucis) @en	Harpyia major Dobson, 1877 , “Duke-of-York Island ,” Bismarck Archipelago , Papua New Guinea , Indonesia . Nyctimene major was traditionally in the cephalotes species group along with N. rabori , N. robinsoni , N. cephalotes , and N. keasti . Species group arrangement in Nyctimene is currently tentative, and additional research will alter arrangement presented here because genetic data do not support most of the species groups in this genus. As a whole, Nyctimene is under revision, and the current subspecies list is tentative because there might be multiple species included under currently recognized N. major. The probably extinct taxon from Santa Cruz Island, sanctacrucis, is generally recognized as a distinct species, but it is most likely a subspecies of N. major (as treated here) or even a synonym. Five subspecies recognized.	N.m.majorDobson,1877—BismarckArchipelago(NewIreland,DukeofYork,NewBritain,Sakar,Bagabag,andKarkarIs)andSchoutenIs(Kadovar). N.m.geminusK.Andersen,1910—D’EntrecasteauxIs(Goodenough,Fergusson,andNormanby),LouisiadeArchipelago(Rogeia,Sideia,Misima,Sudest,andRosselIs),TrobriandIs(Kiriwina),andAlcesterI. N.m.wllulaeThomas,1904—WoodlarkI. N.m.sanctacrucisTroughton,1931—SantaCruz(=Nendo)IintheSolomonIs(prob-ablyextinct). N. m. scitulus K. Andersen, 1910 — Solomon Is (Bougainville, Shortland, Choiseul, Kolombangara, New Georgia , Rendova, Vangunu, Santa Isabel, Pavuvu, Nggela Sule, Guadalcanal, and Malaita).	Head-body 90-138 mm , tail 18-32- 6 mm , ear 12-18 mm , hindfoot 15-24 mm , forearm 65-2-86- 7 mm ; weight 52-100 g . Head of the Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat is broad, with deep face, and tubular divergent nostrils and broad, bluntly pointed ears. Eyes are large, with amber irises. Pelage is thick and woolly. Dorsal pelage is mottled grayish brown and white, with distinctive thin dark blackish mid-dorsal stripe ( 4-8 mm thick) stretching from shoulders to rump (may fade anteriorly or posteriorly in some individuals). Ventral pelage is yellowish gray-brown. There is yellow spotting on wings, legs, and ears (ears sometimes not spotted); wings are brown. Second digit of wing has a claw, and wing attaches at second digit of foot. Tail is short, black, and wrinkled, and narrow uropatagium connects at base and stretches to calcar at ankles. Claws are dark brown. Skull and mandible are robust, and rostrum is short. Single lower incisor is completely deciduous, falling out before adulthood; lower molars are broad and rounded in dorsal view; C| replaces incisors and is long and powerful; P,is elongate and longer than P, and P,.	Primary rainforests, gardens, and plantations from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m .	The Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat feeds primarily on figs ( Ficus sp. , Moraceae ) and seedpods of Gymnostoma papuanum ( Casuarinaceae ) by chewing pods, swallowingjuice, and spitting out fibrousbits.	Pregnant Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bats have been reported in August-November and lactating females from mid-December to earlyJanuary on Normanby Island.	The Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat roosts in foliage during the day and forages at night.	The Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat roosts alone or in small groups of 2—4 individuals.	Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat has a wide distribution over many islands in Melanesia and is relatively common in many regions (being less common whereit is sympatric with other species of Nyctimene ). It might be threatened by deforestation throughout its distribution. The Santa Cruz Island subspecies, the “Nendo Tube-nosed Fruit Bat” (N. m. sanctacrucis), 1s classified as a separate species on The IUCN Red List as Data Deficient because it is only known from the type specimen collected in the late 19" century with continued reports of it on the island until 1907 when it was last seen. Several extensive expeditions to the island in the 1980s and 1990sfailed to find it there (although exact techniques used and areas trapped/searched are unknown). The Nendo Tube-nosed Fruit Bat is likely extinct but is retained here as possibly extinct until taxonomic issues are resolved.	Bergmans (2001) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Colgan & Costa (2002) | Flannery (1995a) | Lamoreux (2008) | Macaranas etal. (2003)		macrocephalus	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Nyctimene major	Nyctimene		major	Dobson	1877	1	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1878:57:00	Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat	<b> geminus </b>K. Andersen, 1910; <b> lullulae </b>Thomas, 1904; <b> scitulus </b>K. Andersen, 1910.	Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Duke of York Isl.	D'Entrecasteaux Isls, Trobriand Isls, Bismarck and Louisiade Archs. (Papua New Guinea), Solomon Isls, and small islands off the north coast of New Guinea. A New Guinea mainland record is almost certainly erroneous; see Koopman (1979).	Not listed.	Least Concern	 cephalotes species group. Reviewed in part by Koopman (1979) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Nyctimene major	23	Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat	Dobson's Tube-nosed Bat|Island Tube-nosed Bat|Nendo Tube-nosed Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	NYCTIMENINAE	NA	Nyctimene	NA	major	Dobson	1877	1						"Duke-of-York Island," Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia.			major (Dobson, 1877)|lullulae O. Thomas, 1904|geminus K. Andersen, 1910|scitulus K. Andersen, 1910|sanctacrucis Troughton, 1931	includes sanctacrucis	Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R. A.Handbook of the Mammals of the World. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.	Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Nyctimene_major	0	sciname match	Nyctimene_major	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	14965	Nyctimene major	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Nyctimene	major	(Dobson, 1877)		20000000	Nyctimene major	Least Concern		2020	2019-07-10 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its very wide distribution, presumed large population, tolerance for modified habitats, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	The Island Tube-nosed Bat occurs in primary lowland forests, secondary forests, village gardens, plantations, and island atoll vegetation. It roosts singly, or as small groups, in vegetation (Flannery 1995, Bonaccorso 1998, T.H. Lavery pers obs.). This species is able to disperse t0, and persist on small isolated islands (Flannery 1995, Bonaccorso 1998) and is a common visitor to fruiting trees along the foreshores (the part of a shore between high water and low water) of small islands, where it can be detected via its high pitch squeeking call.	The major threats to this species are unknown.	Island Tube-nosed Bat can be abundant in parts of its range. When sympatric with other Nyctimene species (e.g. Nyctimene vizcaccia), lower numbers of this species are typically captured (Flannery 1995, T.H. Lavery pers obs.).	Unknown	The Island Tube-nosed Bat is present in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands (Lavery et al. 2016). In Papua New Guinea, it has been recorded from many islands in the Provinces of East Sepik, Madang, Milne Bay, Morobe, New Ireland, East New Britain, West New Britain and North Solomons (the latter via S. Hamilton pers. comm.). In the Solomon Islands, the species has been recorded from most of the islands as far south as Malaita and Guadalcanal (Flannery 1995, Bonaccorso 1998, T.H. Lavery pers obs.). The species ranges from sea level up to 900 m asl. (Bonaccorso 1998). It is most common on smaller islands (e.g. Ngella , Solomon Islands) and in the more disturbed or marginal habitats on larger islands.		Terrestrial	It is not known if the island tube-nosed bat is present in any protected areas. Research is needed to determine the status and threats to the species (Mickleburgh et al. 1992). More information about distribution and ecology should also be a priority.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Nyctimene		major	Dobson	1877	1	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1878:57:00	Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat	<b> geminus </b>K. Andersen, 1910; <b> lullulae </b>Thomas, 1904; <b> scitulus </b>K. Andersen, 1910.	Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Duke of York Isl.	D'Entrecasteaux Isls, Trobriand Isls, Bismarck and Louisiade Archs. (Papua New Guinea), Solomon Isls, and small islands off the north coast of New Guinea. A New Guinea mainland record is almost certainly erroneous; see Koopman (1979).	Not listed.	Least Concern	 cephalotes species group. Reviewed in part by Koopman (1979) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Nyctimene major	1004421	23	Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat	Dobson's Tube-nosed Bat|Island Tube-nosed Bat|Nendo Tube-nosed Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	NYCTIMENINAE	NA	Nyctimene	NA	major	Dobson	1877	1						"Duke-of-York Island," Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia.			major (Dobson, 1877)|lullulae O. Thomas, 1904|geminus K. Andersen, 1910|scitulus K. Andersen, 1910	may include N. sanctacrucis, but the species is recognized here until further research is done	Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R. A.Handbook of the Mammals of the World. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.				Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Nyctimene_major	0	sciname match	Nyctimene_major	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Nyctimene_major	1004421	23	Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat	Dobson's Tube-nosed Bat|Island Tube-nosed Bat|Nendo Tube-nosed Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Nyctimeninae	NA	Nyctimene	NA	major	Dobson	1	Harpyia major	Dobson, G.E. 1877-06. On a collection of Chiroptera from Duke-Of-York Island and adjacent parts of New Ireland and New Britain. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1877(1):114-123.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28510685	BMNH:Mamm:1877.7.18.7	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/207c6d82-194e-476e-b2e0-15de0053fcdc	"Duke-of-York Island," Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia.			may include N. sanctacrucis, but the species is recognized here until further research is done	Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R. A.Handbook of the Mammals of the World. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.				Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Nyctimene_major	0	sciname match	Nyctimene_major	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Nyctimene		major	Dobson	1877	1	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1878:57:00	Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat	geminus K. Andersen, 1910; lullulae Thomas, 1904; scitulus K. Andersen, 1910.	Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Duke of York Isl.	D'Entrecasteaux Isls, Trobriand Isls, Bismarck and Louisiade Archs. (Papua New Guinea), Solomon Isls, and small islands off the north coast of New Guinea. A New Guinea mainland record is almost certainly erroneous; see Koopman (1979).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14965/22007085/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	cephalotesspecies group. Reviewed in part by Koopman (1979) and Hill (1983). See also Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Nyctimene major; Nyctimene major; Nyctimene major; Nyctimene major; Nyctimene major; Nyctimene major; Nyctiméne géant; Gro Rer Rohrennasenflughund; Nyctimeno gigante; Dobson's Tube-nosed Bat; sland Tube-nosed Bat; Nendo Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (sanctacrucis); Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat; Dobson's Tube-nosed Bat; Island Tube-nosed Bat; Nendo Tube-nosed Fruit Bat; Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat; Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat; N. major