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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1055	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Natalus lepidus	Natalus lepidus	Natalus lepidus	Natalus lepidus	Natalus lepidus	Nyctiellus lepidus	Nyctiellus lepidus	Nyctiellus lepidus	Nyctiellus lepidus	Nyctiellus lepidus	Nyctiellus lepidus	Nyctiellus lepidus	Nyctiellus lepidus	Nyctiellus lepidus	Nyctiellus lepidus		[MSW2] Subgenus Nyctiellus.; [MSW3] Reviewed by Morgan (1989b); also see Timm and Genoways (2003).; [HMW] Vespertilio lepidus P. Gervais, 1837 , Cuba . This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] Reviewed by Morgan (1989 b ); also see Timm and Genoways (2003).; [IUCN] Previously, Nyctiellus was treated as a subgenus under Natalus .; [batnames2023] Reviewed by Morgan (1989 b ); also see Timm and Genoways (2003).; [batnames2025_1.7] Reviewed by Morgan (1989b); also see Timm and Genoways (2003).									barbatus, macrurum			lepidus 	lepidus - barbatus, macrurum	lepidus, barbatus	Previously, Nyctiellus was treated as a subgenus under Natalus .	lepidus 	lepidus - barbatus, macrurum	lepidus, barbatus	lepidus, barbatus	lepidus 	lepidus - barbatus, macrurum	lepidus (P. Gervais, 1837)|barbatus (J. Gundlach, 1840) [preoccupied]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Gervais' long-legged bat	Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Natalus lepidus	Cuba.	Gervais	1837	L'lnst. Paris, 5(218):253.	Distribution: Same as for subgenus.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Gervais' funnel-eared bat	Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Gervais	1837	L'Inst. Paris, 5(218):253.	Subgenus Nyctiellus.	Cuba, Bahama Isis.	Cuba.		GERVAIS	1837	Size relatively small (forearm length, 27-31 mm).	Distribution: Same as for subgenus.	No subspecies.		96	species	N. lepidus	GERVAIS	1837	Nyctiellus	subgenus	Natalus lepidus				Size relatively small (forearm length, 27-31 mm).	No subspecies.		5. N. lepidus (GERVAIS 1837).	5	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Natalidae			Nyctiellus lepidus	Nyctiellus		lepidus	Gervais	y	1837		L'Inst. Paris	5	218	253		Gervais's Funnel-eared Bat	Cuba.	Cuba, Bahama Isls.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as Natalus lepidus.	barbatus Gundlach, 1840; macrurum Gervais, 1855.	Reviewed by Morgan (1989b); also see Timm and Genoways (2003).	290787FFFFA61871FF2A94BFE99939CC	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Natalidae_584.pdf.imf	hash://md5/d53eff87ffa41873ffba9505eb7b3516	591	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/29/07/87/290787FFFFA61871FF2A94BFE99939CC.xml	Nyctiellus lepidus	Natalidae	Nyctiellus	lepidus		1837	Natalide de Gervais @fr | Gervais-Trichterohr @de | Natalido de Gervais @es | Moth Funnel-eared Bat @en	Vespertilio lepidus P. Gervais, 1837 , Cuba . This species is monotypic.	Cuba (including Isla de la Juventud ) and Bahamas ( Eleuthera , Cat, Great Exuma ,Little Exuma , and Long Is).	Ear 10-13-6 mm, forearm 26-6-31 mm (males) and 28-1-31 mm (females); weight 1.9-2.7 g (males) and 2:3-2.7 g (females). Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat is the smallest species of funnel-eared bat, and one of the smallest bats in the world. Pelage is dense, long, grayish brown to reddish or orange-brown, lighter ventrally, and bicolored with tips darker than bases. It has relatively broad rostrum, low braincase, narrow distal one-third of ears, narrow wings, and short legs. Face lacks dermal outgrowths but has conspicuous mustache. Natalid organ of males is small, square-shaped, and located on dorsum of rostrum. Wing is attached to tibia at its distal three-quarters; free margin of uropatagium lacks fringe of hairs. First upper incisors nearly touch along skull midline, and first upper and lower premolars are markedly reduced in size.	Mostly xeric and costal habitats but also mesic semideciduous forest at elevations of 0-422 m. Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat roosts almost exclusively in small and large, warm and humid caves, usually in areas with low ceilings and near water bodies. It has been found once in a human structure, an abandoned hotel cistern in the Bahamas that functioned much like an inundated, low ceiling cave.	Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat is exclusively insectivorous and eats leathoppers ( Cicadellidae ), planthoppers ( Fulgoridae ), flies ( Muscidae ), termites (Nasutitermes sp.), moths (Lepidoptera), and ants (Hymenoptera). Females are able to carry more weight (30% of body weight) in their stomachs than males (22% of body weight) and increase their food consumption by 34% from winter to summer; males only increase their food consumption by 8:9% from winter to summer. On average, older adults consume more food relative to body weight (21%) than younger adults (15%).	Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat has a single annual estrus and one young per litter. Copulation appears to take place in winter (December-February), pregnant females are found in March—July, and lactation occurs in July-September, peaking in September. Non-reproducing adult females are found throughout the year, and subadults of both sexes are found in July-September. Lactating females carry their young in flight when they average more than 35% of their mothers’ weights.	Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat is nocturnal, with two nightforaging periods. The first begins ¢.10 minutes around sunset and lasts up to 45 minutes, and the second is shorter and ends c.5 minutes around sunset. During both foraging bouts, individuals can be easily seen with unaided vision flying erratically and low within vegetation or over open pastures. Males begin and end foraging periods before females, especially those that are lactating and carrying their young in flight. Such short foraging bouts are associated with a massive exodus from their roosting caves. While roosting, individuals hang widely spaced and are generally quiet, allowing human observers to approach closely.	Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat has high fidelity to roost sites, and their short foraging times are associated with very small home ranges. Mark-recapture studies have shown that individuals are unable to return to their caves if released at distances greater than 2 km from their roosts. Both sexes roost separately in July-September: females gather in large maternity colonies in the deepest parts of caves, and male-only groups occupy more external areas of caves or neighboring caves where there are no maternity colonies. Non-reproductive females are occasionally found in such groups of males. Fluctuations in size of cave colonies can be associated with sexual segregation during the reproductive season. Although Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat can coexist in the same cave with up to 15 other species of bats, it seems to prefer caves and cave areas not occupied by other species, with the exception of the Cuban Lesser Funnel-eared Bat ( Chilonatalus macer ), with which it will roost in closer association.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat is abundant and known from 63 localities, 36 of which are day roosts. Cave colonies contain a few dozen up to a few thousand individuals. Given its ability to form large colonies in small caves or cave-like habitats and to forage over pastures and secondary vegetation, Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat seems to be resilient and unlikely to be threatened as long asits roosts are undisturbed.	Allen & Sanborn (1937) | Garcia & Mancina (2011) | Gervais (1837) | Silva-Taboada (1979) | Tejedor (2011) | Tejedor, Tavares & Rodriguez-Hernandez (2005)	https://zenodo.org/record/6811098/files/figure.png	1. Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat Nyctiellus lepidus French: Natalide de Gervais / German: Gervais-Trichterohr / Spanish: Natalido de Gervais Other common names: Moth Funnel-eared Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio lepidus P. Gervais, 1837 , Cuba . This species is monotypic. Distribution. Cuba (including Isla de la Juventud ) and Bahamas ( Eleuthera , Cat, Great Exuma ,Little Exuma , and Long Is). Descriptive notes. Ear 10-13-6 mm, forearm 26-6-31 mm (males) and 28-1-31 mm (females); weight 1.9-2.7 g (males) and 2:3-2.7 g (females). Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat is the smallest species of funnel-eared bat, and one of the smallest bats in the world. Pelage is dense, long, grayish brown to reddish or orange-brown, lighter ventrally, and bicolored with tips darker than bases. It has relatively broad rostrum, low braincase, narrow distal one-third of ears, narrow wings, and short legs. Face lacks dermal outgrowths but has conspicuous mustache. Natalid organ of males is small, square-shaped, and located on dorsum of rostrum. Wing is attached to tibia at its distal three-quarters; free margin of uropatagium lacks fringe of hairs. First upper incisors nearly touch along skull midline, and first upper and lower premolars are markedly reduced in size. Habitat. Mostly xeric and costal habitats but also mesic semideciduous forest at elevations of 0-422 m. Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat roosts almost exclusively in small and large, warm and humid caves, usually in areas with low ceilings and near water bodies. It has been found once in a human structure, an abandoned hotel cistern in the Bahamas that functioned much like an inundated, low ceiling cave. Food and Feeding. Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat is exclusively insectivorous and eats leathoppers ( Cicadellidae ), planthoppers ( Fulgoridae ), flies ( Muscidae ), termites (Nasutitermes sp.), moths (Lepidoptera), and ants (Hymenoptera). Females are able to carry more weight (30% of body weight) in their stomachs than males (22% of body weight) and increase their food consumption by 34% from winter to summer; males only increase their food consumption by 8:9% from winter to summer. On average, older adults consume more food relative to body weight (21%) than younger adults (15%). Breeding. Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat has a single annual estrus and one young per litter. Copulation appears to take place in winter (December-February), pregnant females are found in March—July, and lactation occurs in July-September, peaking in September. Non-reproducing adult females are found throughout the year, and subadults of both sexes are found in July-September. Lactating females carry their young in flight when they average more than 35% of their mothers’ weights. Activity patterns. Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat is nocturnal, with two nightforaging periods. The first begins ¢.10 minutes around sunset and lasts up to 45 minutes, and the second is shorter and ends c.5 minutes around sunset. During both foraging bouts, individuals can be easily seen with unaided vision flying erratically and low within vegetation or over open pastures. Males begin and end foraging periods before females, especially those that are lactating and carrying their young in flight. Such short foraging bouts are associated with a massive exodus from their roosting caves. While roosting, individuals hang widely spaced and are generally quiet, allowing human observers to approach closely. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat has high fidelity to roost sites, and their short foraging times are associated with very small home ranges. Mark-recapture studies have shown that individuals are unable to return to their caves if released at distances greater than 2 km from their roosts. Both sexes roost separately in July-September: females gather in large maternity colonies in the deepest parts of caves, and male-only groups occupy more external areas of caves or neighboring caves where there are no maternity colonies. Non-reproductive females are occasionally found in such groups of males. Fluctuations in size of cave colonies can be associated with sexual segregation during the reproductive season. Although Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat can coexist in the same cave with up to 15 other species of bats, it seems to prefer caves and cave areas not occupied by other species, with the exception of the Cuban Lesser Funnel-eared Bat ( Chilonatalus macer ), with which it will roost in closer association. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat is abundant and known from 63 localities, 36 of which are day roosts. Cave colonies contain a few dozen up to a few thousand individuals. Given its ability to form large colonies in small caves or cave-like habitats and to forage over pastures and secondary vegetation, Gervais’s Funnel-eared Bat seems to be resilient and unlikely to be threatened as long asits roosts are undisturbed. Bibliography. Allen & Sanborn (1937), Garcia & Mancina (2011), Gervais (1837), Silva-Taboada (1979), Tejedor (2011), Tejedor, Tavares & Rodriguez-Hernandez (2005).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Natalidae	Nyctiellus lepidus	Nyctiellus		lepidus	Gervais	1837	1	L'Inst. Paris	5(218): 253	Gervais' Funnel-eared Bat	 barbatus Gundlach, 1840; macrurum Gervais, 1855.	Cuba.	Cuba, Bahama Isls.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed by Morgan (1989 b ); also see Timm and Genoways (2003).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Nyctiellus lepidus	23	Gervais's Funnel-eared Bat	Moth Funnel-eared Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	NATALIDAE	NA	NA	Nyctiellus	NA	lepidus	P. Gervais	1837	1				MNHN 1997-1846		Cuba.			lepidus (P. Gervais, 1837)|barbatus (Gundlach, 1840)	NA	NA	Bahamas|Cuba	North America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Nyctiellus_lepidus	0	sciname match	Nyctiellus_lepidus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	14358	Nyctiellus lepidus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	NATALIDAE	Nyctiellus	lepidus	(Gervais, 1837)	Previously, Nyctiellus was treated as a subgenus under Natalus .	20000000	Nyctiellus lepidus	Least Concern		2016	2016-07-09 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, and its ability to form large colonies in very small caves or cave-like habitats and to forage over open pasture and secondary scrub suggest that it is a resilient species, unlikely to be threatened as long as its roost sites are left undisturbed. Because of that, it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	This species is poorly known. It ;feeds on insects; common food items in Cuba include leafhoppers (Cicadellidae and Fulgoridae), flies (Muscidae), termites (Nasutitermes sp.) plus moths (Lepidoptera) and hymenopterans (Silva-Taboada 1979). ;Gervais's funnel-eared bats live in forested tropical lowlands and foothills; it is found from xeric (Long Island, the Bahamas) to mesic habitats (Guanayara, Cuba) including scrub, semideciduous, ;and evergreen forest vegetations (Tejedor 2011). ;They typically roost in large colonies in warm, humid mines or deep caves (Thompson 2004). ;The mating system of N. lepidus is not known. They are thought to be monoestrous, with the breeding season occurring in December and January. They have one large young at a time after an 8 to 10 month gestation period. There seems to be an extended embryonic development and the young are relatively large when born, weighing almost 50% of the mother's weight at birth (Thompson 2004). In Cuba roosts in hot caves widely distributed throughout the island; within roosting groups, individuals hang widely spaced and are generally quiet, allowing human observers to approach closely (Silva-Taboada 1979).	This bat uses caves as roosting sites, and has very specific requirements (Silva-Taboada 1979). Therefore, their colonies van be affected by mining and tourism activities near or inside these caves.	This is an abundant species (Tejedor 2011). They roost in small to large colonies, which may be sexually segregated while young are developing into maternity roosts and male roosts (Thompson 2004).	Unknown	This species is known from Cuba, and Bahamas Islands (Simmons 2005, Tejedor 2011). The only known extirpated population of N. lepidus is from Andros, Bahamas, and New Providence (Morgan 1989, Tejedor 2011).		Terrestrial	The most reasonable strategy at this point would be to increase protection of caves.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Natalidae	Nyctiellus		lepidus	Gervais	1837	1	L'Inst. Paris	5(218): 253	Gervais' Funnel-eared Bat	 barbatus Gundlach, 1840; macrurum Gervais, 1855.	Cuba.	Cuba, Bahama Isls.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed by Morgan (1989 b ); also see Timm and Genoways (2003).	Nyctiellus lepidus	1005281	23	Gervais's Funnel-eared Bat	Moth Funnel-eared Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Natalidae	NA	NA	Nyctiellus	NA	lepidus	P. Gervais	1837	1				MNHN 1997-1846		Cuba.			lepidus (P. Gervais, 1837)|barbatus (Gundlach, 1840)	NA	NA				Bahamas|Cuba	North America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Nyctiellus_lepidus	0	sciname match	Nyctiellus_lepidus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Nyctiellus_lepidus	1005281	23	Gervais's Funnel-eared Bat	Moth Funnel-eared Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Natalidae	NA	NA	Nyctiellus	NA	lepidus	P. Gervais	1	Vespertilio lepidus	Gervais, P. 1837-08. M. P. Gervais communique une note sur les animaux Mammifères des Antilles. L'Institut 5(218):253-254.	https://books.google.com/books?id=CxYzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA253	MNHN-ZM-MO-1997-1846 (= MNHN ? A. 621)	holotype	http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/zm/mo-1997-1846	Cuba.			NA	NA				Bahamas|Cuba	North America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Nyctiellus_lepidus	0	sciname match	Nyctiellus_lepidus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Natalidae	Nyctiellus		lepidus	Gervais	1837	1	L'Inst. Paris	5(218): 253	Gervais' Funnel-eared Bat	barbatus Gundlach, 1840; macrurum Gervais, 1855.	Cuba.	Cuba, Bahama Isls.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14358/22040604/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Reviewed by Morgan (1989b); also see Timm and Genoways (2003).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Nyctiellus lepidus; Nyctiellus lepidus; Nyctiellus lepidus; Nyctiellus lepidus; Nyctiellus lepidus; Nyctiellus lepidus; barbatus; macrurum; barbatus; macrurum; lepidus; barbatus; Natalide de Gervais; Gervais-Trichterohr; Natalido de Gervais; Moth Funnel-eared Bat; Gervais's Funnel-eared Bat; Moth Funnel-eared Bat; Gervais's Funnel-eared Bat; Gervais' Funnel-eared Bat; Natalus lepidus; N. lepidus