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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1033	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus noctula		[MSW2] Includes furvus and velutinus; see Corbet (1978c:55); but see also Yoshiyuki (1989).; [MSW3] Formerly included furvus and velutinus, but these appear to be distinct; see Yoshiyuki (1989), but also see Corbet (1978c) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include sinensis, which was recognized as a senior synonym of Vespertilio superans by Horácek (1997). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Horácek et al. (2000).; [HMW] Vespertilio noctula Schreber, 1774 , France . Nyctalus noctula is sister to the clade including N. lasiopterus and N. aviator . N. plancyi has sometimes been included within this species, but is here recognized as a full species. The name labiatus has been moved to N. plancy: because of the clear morphological differences between N. noctula and labiatus, although labiatus has not been properly compared with N. plancyi ; further research is required. Three subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Formerly included furvus and velutinus , but these appear to be distinct; see Yoshiyuki (1989), but also see Corbet (1978 c ) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include sinensis , which was recognized as a senior synonym of Vespertilio  superans by Horácek (1997). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Horácek et al. (2000).; [IUCN] Nyctalus furvus (Japan) and N. plancyi (eastern China and Taiwan) are now considered as separate species (Simmons 2005). Nyctalus labiatus , although still generally regarded as a subspecies of N. noctula , is morphologically very distinct and is regarded by G. Csorba (unpublished) as a separate species. Records of N. noctula from the Himalayas and the Indomalayan Region are referable either to N. labiatus or N. plancyi .<p></p>; [batnames2023] Formerly included furvus and velutinus , but these appear to be distinct; see Yoshiyuki (1989), but also see Corbet (1978 c ) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include sinensis , which was recognized as a senior synonym of Vespertilio  superans by Horácek (1997). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Horácek et al. (2000).; [batnames2025_1.7] Formerly included furvus and velutinus, but these appear to be distinct; see Yoshiyuki (1989), but also see Corbet (1978c) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include sinensis, which was recognized as a senior synonym of Vespertilio superans by Horácek (1997). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Horácek et al. (2000).				furvus, velutinus		altivolans, furvus, labiatus, lardarius, lebanoticus, macuanus, magnus, mecklenburzevi, minima, palustris, plancei, princeps, proterus, rufescens, sinensis, velutinus.	noctula, lebanoticus, mecklenburzevi, plancei, furvus, velutinus, labiatus	noctula, labiata, lebanoticus, mecklenburzevi	altivolans, lardarius, magnus, major, minima, palustris, princeps, proterus, rufescens; mecklenburzevi - montanus; Unassigned - macuanus	noctula, lebanoticus, mecklenburzevi		noctula, labiata, lebanoticus, mecklenburzevi	noctula - altivolans, lardarius, magnus, major, minima, palustris, princeps, proterus, rufescens; mecklenburzevi - montanus; Unassigned - macuanus	noctula, lardarius, altivolans, magnus, major, proterus, rufescens, palustris, macuanus, minima, princeps, mecklenburzevi, montanus, lebanoticus	Nyctalus furvus (Japan) and N. plancyi (eastern China and Taiwan) are now considered as separate species (Simmons 2005). Nyctalus labiatus , although still generally regarded as a subspecies of N. noctula , is morphologically very distinct and is regarded by G. Csorba (unpublished) as a separate species. Records of N. noctula from the Himalayas and the Indomalayan Region are referable either to N. labiatus or N. plancyi .<p></p>	noctula, labiata, lebanoticus, mecklenburzevi, Unassigned	noctula - altivolans, lardarius, magnus, major, minima, palustris, princeps, proterus, rufescens; mecklenburzevi - montanus; Unassigned - macuanus	noctula, lardarius, altivolans, magnus, major, proterus, rufescens, palustris, macuanus, minima, princeps, mecklenburzevi, montanus, lebanoticus	noctula, lardarius, altivolans, magnus, major, proterus, rufescens, noctilio, palustris, macuanus, minimus, princeps, meklenburzevi, lebanoticus, mecklenburzevi	labiata, lebanoticus, mecklenburzevi, noctula 	macuanus; mecklenburzevi - montanus; noctula - altivolans, lardarius, magnus, major, minima, palustris, princeps, proterus, rufescens	noctula (von Schreber, 1774)|lardarius (P. L. S. Müller, 1776)|altivolans (G. White, 1789)|magnus (J. Berkenhout, 1789)|major (Leach, 1816) [nomen nudum]|proterus (Kuhl, 1817) [nomen novum]|rufescens (A. E. Brehm, 1829)|noctule (de Blainville, 1840) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|noctilio (C. H. Smith, 1842) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|palustris (Crespon, 1844)|macuanus (W. C. H. Peters, 1851)|minimus (Fatio, 1869)|princeps Ognev & Vorob'yev, 1923|meklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934|lebanoticus D. L. Harrison, 1962|mecklenburzevi Koopman, 1994 [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Noctule	Britain, Morocco, W Europe – China, Japan, Taiwan, ? Malaya	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Nyctalus noctula	France.	Schreber	1774	Saugethiere, 1:166.	Distribution: Ranging from western Europe and northwestern Africa to Japan and Malaya; also recorded from the Azores. A record from Mozambique is either accidental or erroneous.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Noctule	Britain, Algeria, W Europe – China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, ? Malaya; ref. 4.76	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Schreber	1774	Die Saugethiere, 1:166.	Includes furvus and velutinus; see Corbet (1978c:55); but see also Yoshiyuki (1989).	Europe to Urals and Caucasus; Morocco; Algeria; SE Asia Minor to Israel; Western Turkmenistan to SW Siberia, Himalayas, and China, south to W Malaysia; Taiwan; Honshu (Japan); a dubious record from Mozambique.	France.		SCHREBER	1774	Size medium (forearm length, 45-57 mm). Anterior upper premolar displaced medially and greatly reduced.	Distribution: Ranging from western Europe and northwestern Africa to Japan and Malaya; also recorded from the Azores. A record from Mozambique is either accidental or erroneous.	Seven subspecies are here recognized:	N. n. noctula (northwestern Africa to eastern Europe and northern Iran), N. n. lebanoticus (southwestern Asia), N. n. mecklenburzevi (Soviet Central Asia), N. n. plancei (northern China), N. n. furvus (Japan), N. n. velutinus (southern China, including Taiwan), N. n. labiatus (northern India to Malaya). It is possible that there is more than one species represented in this complex.	118	species	N. noctula	SCHREBER	1774	Nyctalus	genus	Nyctalus noctula				Size medium (forearm length, 45-57 mm). Anterior upper premolar displaced medially and greatly reduced.	Seven subspecies are here recognized:		6. N. noctula (SCHREBER 1774) [noctula group].	6	_N. n. lebanoticus_ Harrison, 1962; _N. n. meklenburzevi_ Кузякин, 1934; _N. n. noctula_ (Schreber, 1774) (synonyms: _altivolans_ (White, 1789), _lardarius_ (Müller, 1776), _magnus_ (Berkenhout, 1789), _major_ (Leach, 1816), _minimus_ (Fatio, 1869), _palustris_ (Crespon, 1844), _princeps_ Огнёв & Воробьев, 1923, _proterus_ (Kuhl, 1817), _rufescens_ (Brehm, 1829))			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Pipistrellini	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus		noctula	Schreber	y	1774		Die Säugethiere	1		166		Noctule	France.	Europe and S Scandinavia to Urals and Caucasus; Turkey to Israel and Oman; W Turkmenistan, W Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan to SW Siberia, Himalayas, south to Burma, Vietnam, and W Malaysia; possibly Algeria. A record from Mozambique is dubious (Koopman, 1993, 1994).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	altivolans White, 1789; lardarius Müller, 1776; magnus Berkenhout, 1789; major Leach, 1818; minima Fatio, 1869; palustris Crespon, 1844; princeps Ognev and Worobyev, 1923; proterus Kuhl, 1818; rufescens Brehm, 1829; labiata Hodgson, 1835; lebanoticus Harrison, 1962; mecklenburzevi Kuziakin, 1934; montanus Kishida, 1934 [not Barrett-Hamilton, 1906]. Unassigned: macuanus Peters, 1852 [type locality = Mozambique, but this provenance is dubious; Koopman, 1994].	Formerly included furvus and velutinus, but these appear to be distinct; see Yoshiyuki (1989), but also see Corbet (1978c) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include sinensis, which was recognized as a senior synonym of Vespertilio superans by Horácek (1997). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Horácek et al. (2000).	4C3D87E8FFF36A4DFA509DD2198ABD15	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	766	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFF36A4DFA509DD2198ABD15.xml	Nyctalus noctula	Vespertilionidae	Nyctalus	noctula	Schreber	1774	Noctule commune @fr | Grof3er Abendsegler @de | Néctulomediano @es | Noctule @en | Noctule Bat @en	Vespertilio noctula Schreber, 1774 , France . Nyctalus noctula is sister to the clade including N. lasiopterus and N. aviator . N. plancyi has sometimes been included within this species, but is here recognized as a full species. The name labiatus has been moved to N. plancy: because of the clear morphological differences between N. noctula and labiatus, although labiatus has not been properly compared with N. plancyi ; further research is required. Three subspecies recognized.	N. n. noctula Schreber, 1774 — throughout Europe from Great Britain , France , and Spain E to W Russia , W Kazakhstan , and SW Turkmenistan , including S Scandinavia, Gotland and Oland Is, and Cyprus ( Cyprus records somewhat tentatively regarded as this subspecies). Absent throughout much of Iberia and is locally extinct in Portugal . N. n. lebanoticus D. L.. Harrison, 1962 — WC & SW Syria , Lebanon , and NE Israel . N. n. mecklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934 — SC & E Kazakhstan , SC Russia , W Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , and NW China ( Xinjiang ). The species may be present in N Africa, with two records claimed from Algeria in 1858, but these may represent N. lasiopterus ; further sampling is needed.	Head-body 60-89 mm, tail 40-66 mm, ear 16-21 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm, forearm 47-60 mm; weight 17-44 g. Dorsal pelage of the Common Noctule is a distinctive reddish brown (individual hairs unicolored), while ventral pelage is slightly paler. Juveniles and freshly molted adults are duller brown throughout. Ventral pelage extends onto wings and interfemoral membrane, as in other noctules. Face, ears, and membranes are dark brown, and tail extends a few millimeters past the uropatagium. Muzzle is short, with large glands between nostrils and eyes, and ears are short and triangular, with 4-5 folds on outer edge. Tragus is very short and rounded, mushroom-shaped, as is characteristic of the genus. Wings attach at ankle, and calcar reaches halfway to tail. Postcalcarial lobe is wide, with a visible T-shaped piece of cartilage. Common Noctules give off a distinctive musky odor. Skull is relatively high and wide; lambdoidal crest is undeveloped, and zygomatic arch is thin; I is larger than I*; crown of P* is one-half the size of or nearly equal to I’; lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FN = 54.	Primarily found in temperate deciduous forests, wetlands, and agricultural fields and pastures; found at elevations from sea level up to ¢. 1900 m , preferring lowland regions but in Switzerland can be found at ¢. 1900 m . Common Noctules are well adapted to surviving in urban settings throughout their distribution, flying and foraging throughout cities and suburban areas.	Insectivorous. Common Noctules are fast-flying aerial hawkers that forage primarily at higher altitudes above the canopy of forests or over open areas. Their diet consists mainly of large flying insects such as larger moths, beetles (e.g. cockchaters Melolontha spp.), and crickets, and smaller swarming insects, such as chironomids, anisopodids, and tipulids ( Diptera ), as well as some Trichoptera. When feeding on swarming species, the noctules can catch many more of them at once, which can be seen as a form of aerial filterfeeding. In Switzerland , harder coleopteran prey (Melolontha spp. in spring and Geotrupes spp. in autumn) were preferred over swarming insects during spring and autumn, while swarming insects were preferred during summer. This suggests a rather opportunistic hunting strategy for the species. Although they hibernate throughout winter, they will also forage as much as possible and have been recorded flying throughout winter and at temperatures below 0°C. During winter in central Europe, two groups of arachnids (Araneida, Acari) and nine orders of insects (Homoptera, Heteroptera, Psocoptera, Neuroptera , Coleoptera , Hymenoptera , Lepidoptera , Diptera , Siphonaptera ) were identified in fecal samples from roosting bats. Lepidoptera (moths in particular making up the most important component throughout), Diptera , Coleoptera , and Araneida were the most prolific portions of their diet throughout winter but this changed markedly through the season. The presence of arachnids indicates that the species may also be foraging by gleaning, although this has not been reported.	Like other noctule species, the Common Noctule exhibits delayed fertilization, mating in late summer and early autumn before entering hibernation. During late summer, single males establish mating roosts, emitting shrill mating calls at the roost entrance or during flight, as well as having a strong odor, in order to attract a small harem of up to 20 females (4-5 is more common). Females stay with the male for c.1-2 days, in which time they copulate. Young are generally born in late June or July after just over two months of gestation. Litter size is 1-2 young, although two is commonest. Maternal colonies generally occur in the northern portion of their range, as this is where females migrate to in spring. Weaning occurs after c.3—4 weeks and young are able to forage for themselves by six weeks old, by which time they have become completely volant. Young are left in groups within roosts while females forage. Females will often switch roosts throughout the breeding season. Males generally begin mating after their first year.	Nocturnal, only foraging for a total of around one hour, spread over two equal bouts after sunset and before sunrise. They are fast fliers and often perform deep dives during flight. Roosting generally occurs in hollow portions of old trees, commonly in woodpecker holes, as well as in crevices in buildings and rock structures. During winter, they create larger roosts in tree holes, rock crevices, crevices in buildings, and underground in some cases. They are most active from March or April until around October, hibernating throughout winter (October-March/April). Common Noctules do still forage throughout winter (as do other noctule species), although little research has been performed into the winter habits of this species or its congeners. They remain in a torpid (hibernation) state throughout the day and even much of the night, but this is interrupted for foraging bouts during the night. They are regularly active at temperatures between 0°C and —-7°C but if temperatures drop below —-10°C, they will not fly. Calls are very loud (maximum energy at c¢.25 kHz on average) and are usually audible to the human ear, unlike most bat calls. Common Noctules exhibit two call types, both of which have an FM/QCF call shape; call type one have start frequencies of 23-8-52-2 kHz, end frequencies of 21-4-26-2 kHz, maximum energy at 22-4-27 kHz, middle frequencies of 21-4-28-7 kHz, call durations of 8-8-23.4 milliseconds, and interpulse intervals of 120-3—413-1 milliseconds; call type two has a start frequencies of 18:2-30-4 kHz, end frequencies of 17-3-23 kHz, maximum energy of 17-5-23-6 kHz, middle frequency of 17-4-24-6 kHz, call durations of 13-2-29-9 milliseconds, and interpulse intervals of 120-2-807-5 milliseconds. The bats regularly switch between the two call types while foraging. Predators include diurnal avian raptors (Accipiter, Circus, Falco ), herring gulls (Larus argentatus ), corvids, and great grey shrikes (Lanius excubitor).	Common Noctules are highly migratory throughout their range, traveling between breeding and hibernating areas. They breed throughout their range but hibernate only in the southern portion, usually traveling north from their winter quarters. Females generally migrate further and more often than males. Males are often sedentary and in northern parts of their range they will remain year-round whereas females will migrate south during the winter. Most individuals will not travel more than 1000 km , although the longest known migration within Europe for this species was 1546 km . They may not migrate as far or at all in southern and western portions of their range, where they are primarily sedentary. In early spring after leaving hibernation, they will create mixed-sex colonies that eventually disperse during late spring and develop into summer colonies. During summer, females create large maternity colonies, with an average of 20-50 individuals, occasionally ¢.100 individuals, while males and juveniles will roost alone or in smaller groups. Roosts can be much larger and have a mix of males and females during winter, including as many as ¢.1000 individuals in a single roost.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Common Noctule is widespread and common throughout much of its distribution. There are no major threats to the species, although it may be threatened by the destruction of roosting sites in older trees. It has become locally extinct in much of the Iberian Peninsula, including all of Portugal .	Avery (1986) | Benda et al. (2007) | Bihari (2004) | Celuch & Kafuch (2005) | Csorba & Hutson (2016) | Fedyk & Fedyk (1970) | Gloor et al. (1995) | Gorfol et al. (2009) | Jones (1995) | Kanuch, Janetkové & Kristin (2005) | Kleiman (1969) | Mackie & Racey (2007) | Mikula et al. (2016) | Petit & Mayer (1999) | Racey (1974a) | Rachwald (1992) | Ruczynski et al. (2007) | Samiya et al. (1993) | Schober & Grimmberger (1998) | Spitzenberger (2002) | Strelkov (1969, 1997) | Vogler & Neuweiler (1983)	https://zenodo.org/record/6397798/files/figure.png	15. Common Noctule Nyctalus noctula French: Noctule commune / German: Grof3er Abendsegler / Spanish: Néctulo mediano Other common names: Noctule , Noctule Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio noctula Schreber, 1774 , France . Nyctalus noctula is sister to the clade including N. lasiopterus and N. aviator . N. plancyi has sometimes been included within this species, but is here recognized as a full species. The name labiatus has been moved to N. plancy: because of the clear morphological differences between N. noctula and labiatus, although labiatus has not been properly compared with N. plancyi ; further research is required. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. noctula Schreber, 1774 — throughout Europe from Great Britain , France , and Spain E to W Russia , W Kazakhstan , and SW Turkmenistan , including S Scandinavia, Gotland and Oland Is, and Cyprus ( Cyprus records somewhat tentatively regarded as this subspecies). Absent throughout much of Iberia and is locally extinct in Portugal . N. n. lebanoticus D. L.. Harrison, 1962 — WC & SW Syria , Lebanon , and NE Israel . N. n. mecklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934 — SC & E Kazakhstan , SC Russia , W Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , and NW China ( Xinjiang ). The species may be present in N Africa, with two records claimed from Algeria in 1858, but these may represent N. lasiopterus ; further sampling is needed. Descriptive notes. Head-body 60-89 mm, tail 40-66 mm, ear 16-21 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm, forearm 47-60 mm; weight 17-44 g. Dorsal pelage of the Common Noctule is a distinctive reddish brown (individual hairs unicolored), while ventral pelage is slightly paler. Juveniles and freshly molted adults are duller brown throughout. Ventral pelage extends onto wings and interfemoral membrane, as in other noctules. Face, ears, and membranes are dark brown, and tail extends a few millimeters past the uropatagium. Muzzle is short, with large glands between nostrils and eyes, and ears are short and triangular, with 4-5 folds on outer edge. Tragus is very short and rounded, mushroom-shaped, as is characteristic of the genus. Wings attach at ankle, and calcar reaches halfway to tail. Postcalcarial lobe is wide, with a visible T-shaped piece of cartilage. Common Noctules give off a distinctive musky odor. Skull is relatively high and wide; lambdoidal crest is undeveloped, and zygomatic arch is thin; I is larger than I*; crown of P* is one-half the size of or nearly equal to I’; lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FN = 54. Habitat. Primarily found in temperate deciduous forests, wetlands, and agricultural fields and pastures; found at elevations from sea level up to ¢. 1900 m , preferring lowland regions but in Switzerland can be found at ¢. 1900 m . Common Noctules are well adapted to surviving in urban settings throughout their distribution, flying and foraging throughout cities and suburban areas. Food and Feeding. Insectivorous. Common Noctules are fast-flying aerial hawkers that forage primarily at higher altitudes above the canopy of forests or over open areas. Their diet consists mainly of large flying insects such as larger moths, beetles (e.g. cockchaters Melolontha spp.), and crickets, and smaller swarming insects, such as chironomids, anisopodids, and tipulids ( Diptera ), as well as some Trichoptera. When feeding on swarming species, the noctules can catch many more of them at once, which can be seen as a form of aerial filterfeeding. In Switzerland , harder coleopteran prey (Melolontha spp. in spring and Geotrupes spp. in autumn) were preferred over swarming insects during spring and autumn, while swarming insects were preferred during summer. This suggests a rather opportunistic hunting strategy for the species. Although they hibernate throughout winter, they will also forage as much as possible and have been recorded flying throughout winter and at temperatures below 0°C. During winter in central Europe, two groups of arachnids (Araneida, Acari) and nine orders of insects (Homoptera, Heteroptera, Psocoptera, Neuroptera , Coleoptera , Hymenoptera , Lepidoptera , Diptera , Siphonaptera ) were identified in fecal samples from roosting bats. Lepidoptera (moths in particular making up the most important component throughout), Diptera , Coleoptera , and Araneida were the most prolific portions of their diet throughout winter but this changed markedly through the season. The presence of arachnids indicates that the species may also be foraging by gleaning, although this has not been reported. Breeding. Like other noctule species, the Common Noctule exhibits delayed fertilization, mating in late summer and early autumn before entering hibernation. During late summer, single males establish mating roosts, emitting shrill mating calls at the roost entrance or during flight, as well as having a strong odor, in order to attract a small harem of up to 20 females (4-5 is more common). Females stay with the male for c.1-2 days, in which time they copulate. Young are generally born in late June or July after just over two months of gestation. Litter size is 1-2 young, although two is commonest. Maternal colonies generally occur in the northern portion of their range, as this is where females migrate to in spring. Weaning occurs after c.3—4 weeks and young are able to forage for themselves by six weeks old, by which time they have become completely volant. Young are left in groups within roosts while females forage. Females will often switch roosts throughout the breeding season. Males generally begin mating after their first year. Activity patterns. Nocturnal, only foraging for a total of around one hour, spread over two equal bouts after sunset and before sunrise. They are fast fliers and often perform deep dives during flight. Roosting generally occurs in hollow portions of old trees, commonly in woodpecker holes, as well as in crevices in buildings and rock structures. During winter, they create larger roosts in tree holes, rock crevices, crevices in buildings, and underground in some cases. They are most active from March or April until around October, hibernating throughout winter (October-March/April). Common Noctules do still forage throughout winter (as do other noctule species), although little research has been performed into the winter habits of this species or its congeners. They remain in a torpid (hibernation) state throughout the day and even much of the night, but this is interrupted for foraging bouts during the night. They are regularly active at temperatures between 0°C and —-7°C but if temperatures drop below —-10°C, they will not fly. Calls are very loud (maximum energy at c¢.25 kHz on average) and are usually audible to the human ear, unlike most bat calls. Common Noctules exhibit two call types, both of which have an FM/QCF call shape; call type one have start frequencies of 23-8-52-2 kHz, end frequencies of 21-4-26-2 kHz, maximum energy at 22-4-27 kHz, middle frequencies of 21-4-28-7 kHz, call durations of 8-8-23.4 milliseconds, and interpulse intervals of 120-3—413-1 milliseconds; call type two has a start frequencies of 18:2-30-4 kHz, end frequencies of 17-3-23 kHz, maximum energy of 17-5-23-6 kHz, middle frequency of 17-4-24-6 kHz, call durations of 13-2-29-9 milliseconds, and interpulse intervals of 120-2-807-5 milliseconds. The bats regularly switch between the two call types while foraging. Predators include diurnal avian raptors (Accipiter, Circus, Falco ), herring gulls (Larus argentatus ), corvids, and great grey shrikes (Lanius excubitor). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Common Noctules are highly migratory throughout their range, traveling between breeding and hibernating areas. They breed throughout their range but hibernate only in the southern portion, usually traveling north from their winter quarters. Females generally migrate further and more often than males. Males are often sedentary and in northern parts of their range they will remain year-round whereas females will migrate south during the winter. Most individuals will not travel more than 1000 km , although the longest known migration within Europe for this species was 1546 km . They may not migrate as far or at all in southern and western portions of their range, where they are primarily sedentary. In early spring after leaving hibernation, they will create mixed-sex colonies that eventually disperse during late spring and develop into summer colonies. During summer, females create large maternity colonies, with an average of 20-50 individuals, occasionally ¢.100 individuals, while males and juveniles will roost alone or in smaller groups. Roosts can be much larger and have a mix of males and females during winter, including as many as ¢.1000 individuals in a single roost. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Common Noctule is widespread and common throughout much of its distribution. There are no major threats to the species, although it may be threatened by the destruction of roosting sites in older trees. It has become locally extinct in much of the Iberian Peninsula, including all of Portugal . Bibliography. Avery (1986), Benda et al. (2007), Bihari (2004), Celuch & Kafuch (2005), Csorba & Hutson (2016), Fedyk & Fedyk (1970), Gloor et al. (1995), Gorfol et al. (2009), Jones (1995), Kanuch, Janetkové & Kristin (2005), Kleiman (1969), Mackie & Racey (2007), Mikula et al. (2016), Petit & Mayer (1999), Racey (1974a), Rachwald (1992), Ruczynski et al. (2007), Samiya et al. (1993), Schober & Grimmberger (1998), Spitzenberger (2002), Strelkov (1969, 1997), Vogler & Neuweiler (1983).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Nyctalus noctula	Nyctalus		noctula	Schreber	1774	1	Die S&auml;ugethiere	0.1569	Noctule	 altivolans White, 1789; lardarius M&uuml;ller, 1776; magnus Berkenhout, 1789; major Leach, 1818; minima Fatio, 1869; palustris Crespon, 1844; princeps Ognev and Worobyev, 1923; proterus Kuhl, 1818; rufescens Brehm, 1829; <b> labiata </b> Hodgson, 1835; <b> lebanoticus </b> Harrison, 1962; <b> mecklenburzevi </b> Kuziakin, 1934; montanus Kishida, 1934 [not Barrett-Hamilton, 1906]. <b>Unassigned</b>: macuanus Peters, 1852 [type locality = Mozambique, but this provenance is dubious; Koopman, 1994].	France.	Europe and S Scandinavia to Urals and Caucasus; Turkey to Israel and Oman; W Turkmenistan, W Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan to SW Siberia, Himalayas, south to Burma, Vietnam, and W Malaysia; possibly Algeria. A record from Mozambique is dubious (Koopman, 1993, 1994).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Formerly included furvus and velutinus , but these appear to be distinct; see Yoshiyuki (1989), but also see Corbet (1978 c ) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include sinensis , which was recognized as a senior synonym of Vespertilio  superans by Horácek (1997). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Horácek et al. (2000).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Nyctalus noctula	23	Common Noctule	Noctule|Noctule Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	PIPISTRELLINI	Nyctalus	NA	noctula	von Schreber	1774	1						France.			noctula (von Schreber, 1774)|lardarius P. L. S. Müller, 1776|altivolans (G. White, 1789)|magnus (Berkenhout, 1789)|major (Leach, 1818)|proterus (Kuhl, 1818)|rufescens (Brehm, 1829)|palustris (Crespon, 1844)|macuanus (W. Peters, 1852)|minima (Fatio, 1869)|princeps Ognev & Worobyev, 1923|mecklenburzevi Kuziakin, 1934|montanus Kishida, 1934 [preoccupied]|lebanoticus D. L. Harrison, 1962	NA	NA	United Kingdom|Morocco?|Spain|France|Belgium|Luxembourg|Netherlands|Germany|Denmark|Norway|Sweden|Finland|Switzerland|Liechtenstein|Austria|Italy|Malta|Czech Republic|Poland|Slovakia|Hungary|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Moldova|Ukraine|Belarus|Lithuania|Latvia|Estonia|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Lebanon|Israel|Oman|Iran|Iraq?|Kazakhstan|Turkmenistan|Uzbekistan|Tajikistan|Kyrgyzstan|China	Africa?|Asia|Europe	Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Nyctalus_noctula	0	sciname match	Nyctalus_noctula	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	14920	Nyctalus noctula	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Nyctalus	noctula	(Schreber, 1774)	Nyctalus furvus (Japan) and N. plancyi (eastern China and Taiwan) are now considered as separate species (Simmons 2005). Nyctalus labiatus , although still generally regarded as a subspecies of N. noctula , is morphologically very distinct and is regarded by G. Csorba (unpublished) as a separate species. Records of N. noctula from the Himalayas and the Indomalayan Region are referable either to N. labiatus or N. plancyi .<p></p>	20000000	Nyctalus noctula	Least Concern		2016	2016-04-25 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	The species is widespread and abundant, and although there may have been declines in some areas, it is not believed that these approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (30% in 10 years or 3 generations). Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern.	The Noctule (Nyctalus noctula ) ;forages over wetland, woodland and pasture, feeding on larger moths, beetles and flies. Summer colonies are in tree holes, sometimes in buildings. Winter hibernacula are in rock crevices, caves, occasionally artificial structures. Maternity colonies number 20-50 females (occasionally up to 100), but winter groups in rock crevices, caves and artificial structures can be large, to 10,000 in one instance (Germany) (Harrje 1994, Mayer et al. 2002). Tree holes and bat boxes are also used as wintering sites. Seasonal migrations between breeding area and hibernation range in central and southwest Europe normally cover distances of less than 1,000 km. The longest recorded movements is 1,546 km (Hutterer et al. 2005).	No major threats at present<span class="msoIns">, although loss of old ;<span class="msoIns">trees<span class="msoIns"> ;with holes<span class="msoIns"> ;for roosting is a problem in some range states.</span></span>	A widespread species, relatively common throughout much of its range.	Unknown	The Noctule (Nyctalus noctula ) has a wide Palaearctic distribution, including Europe and southern Scandinavia to the Urals and Caucasus; Turkey to Israel and Oman; western Turkmenistan, western Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan to south-west Siberia and perhaps the Himalayas. Its occurrence in North Africa is questionable (see below), and a record from Mozambique is considered dubious. With few exceptions, maternity colonies are confined to northeastern Europe (Strelkov 1997a, 1997b; Görföl et al. ;2009). It has been found at 1,900 m asl in the western Alps during migration (Aellen 1962 in Gebhard and Bogdanowicz 2004). There is no authenticated record of any species of Nyctalus ;from Thailand, Viet Nam and Malaysia (G. Csorba, pers. comm.). The only record of N. noctula from Myanmar (Bates et al. 2000) is referable to N. labiatus.  "It is possible that N. noctula occurs in Africa but this needs confirmation. A record from Algeria (two specimens collected from a hollow tree in Cheliff plain) was published by Loche (1858), but these specimens were lost with the rest of Loche's collection. According to Palmeirim (1982), it is possible that these specimens belonged to N. lasiopterus , a species which does occur in North Africa and which was considered to be conspecific with N. noctula by earlier zoologists. There are also some doubts as to the place of origin of some specimens of N. noctula in the BMNH (Palmeirim 1982) and in the RMNH (Jentink 1888). One of these was mentioned by Dobson (1878) as having been bought in Algiers. Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska (1991) suggest that all of them were bought from professional dealers, which means that their localities may be unreliable" (M. Happold pers. comm. 2007).		Terrestrial	It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention, in parts of its range where these apply. It is included in Annex IV of EU Habitats and Species Directive, and there is some habitat protection through Natura 2000. The species occurs in a number of protected areas. No specific conservation actions are known.	Palearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Nyctalus		noctula	Schreber	1774	1	Die S&auml;ugethiere	0.156944	Noctule	 altivolans White, 1789; lardarius M&uuml;ller, 1776; magnus Berkenhout, 1789; major Leach, 1818; minima Fatio, 1869; palustris Crespon, 1844; princeps Ognev and Worobyev, 1923; proterus Kuhl, 1818; rufescens Brehm, 1829; <b> labiata </b> Hodgson, 1835; <b> lebanoticus </b> Harrison, 1962; <b> mecklenburzevi </b> Kuziakin, 1934; montanus Kishida, 1934 [not Barrett-Hamilton, 1906]. <b>Unassigned</b>: macuanus Peters, 1852 [type locality = Mozambique, but this provenance is dubious; Koopman, 1994].	France.	Europe and S Scandinavia to Urals and Caucasus; Turkey to Israel and Oman; W Turkmenistan, W Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan to SW Siberia, Himalayas, south to Burma, Vietnam, and W Malaysia; possibly Algeria. A record from Mozambique is dubious (Koopman, 1993, 1994).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Formerly included furvus and velutinus , but these appear to be distinct; see Yoshiyuki (1989), but also see Corbet (1978 c ) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include sinensis , which was recognized as a senior synonym of Vespertilio  superans by Horácek (1997). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Horácek et al. (2000).	Nyctalus noctula	1005607	23	Common Noctule	Noctule|Noctule Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	PIPISTRELLINI	Nyctalus	NA	noctula	von Schreber	1774	1						France.			noctula (von Schreber, 1774)|lardarius P. L. S. Müller, 1776|altivolans (G. White, 1789)|magnus (Berkenhout, 1789)|major (Leach, 1818)|proterus (Kuhl, 1818)|rufescens (Brehm, 1829)|palustris (Crespon, 1844)|macuanus (W. Peters, 1852)|minima (Fatio, 1869)|princeps Ognev & Worobyev, 1923|mecklenburzevi Kuziakin, 1934|montanus Kishida, 1934 [preoccupied]|lebanoticus D. L. Harrison, 1962	NA	NA				United Kingdom|Morocco?|Spain|France|Belgium|Luxembourg|Netherlands|Germany|Denmark|Norway|Sweden|Finland|Switzerland|Liechtenstein|Austria|Italy|Malta|Czech Republic|Poland|Slovakia|Hungary|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Moldova|Ukraine|Belarus|Lithuania|Latvia|Estonia|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Lebanon|Israel|Oman|Iran|Iraq?|Kazakhstan|Turkmenistan|Uzbekistan|Tajikistan|Kyrgyzstan|China	Africa?|Asia|Europe	Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Nyctalus_noctula	0	sciname match	Nyctalus_noctula	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Nyctalus_noctula	1005607	23	Common Noctule	Noctule|Noctule Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Pipistrellini	Nyctalus	NA	noctula	von Schreber	1	Vespertilio noctula	Schreber, J.C.D. von. 1774. pl. 52. P. pl. 52 in Schreber, J.C.D. von. 1774-1855. Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Walther, Erlangen.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31060098				France.			NA	NA				United Kingdom|Morocco?|Spain|France|Belgium|Luxembourg|Netherlands|Germany|Denmark|Norway|Sweden|Finland|Switzerland|Liechtenstein|Austria|Italy|Malta|Czech Republic|Poland|Slovakia|Hungary|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Moldova|Ukraine|Belarus|Lithuania|Latvia|Estonia|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Lebanon|Israel|Oman|Iran|Iraq?|Kazakhstan|Turkmenistan|Uzbekistan|Tajikistan|Kyrgyzstan|China	Africa?|Asia|Europe	Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Nyctalus_noctula	0	sciname match	Nyctalus_noctula	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Nyctalus		noctula	Schreber	1774	1	Die S&auml;ugethiere	0.156944	Noctule	altivolans White, 1789; lardarius M&uuml;ller, 1776; magnus Berkenhout, 1789; major Leach, 1818; minima Fatio, 1869; palustris Crespon, 1844; princeps Ognev and Worobyev, 1923; proterus Kuhl, 1818; rufescens Brehm, 1829; labiata Hodgson, 1835; lebanoticus Harrison, 1962; mecklenburzevi Kuziakin, 1934; montanus Kishida, 1934 [not Barrett-Hamilton, 1906]. Unassigned: macuanus Peters, 1852 [type locality = Mozambique, but this provenance is dubious; Koopman, 1994].	France.	Europe and S Scandinavia to Urals and Caucasus; Turkey to Israel and Oman; W Turkmenistan, W Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan to SW Siberia, Himalayas, south to Burma, Vietnam, and W Malaysia; possibly Algeria. A record from Mozambique is dubious (Koopman, 1993, 1994).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14920/22015682/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Formerly included furvus and velutinus, but these appear to be distinct; see Yoshiyuki (1989), but also see Corbet (1978c) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Does not include sinensis, which was recognized as a senior synonym of Vespertilio superans by Horácek (1997). Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), and Horácek et al. (2000).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Nyctalus noctula; Nyctalus noctula; Nyctalus noctula; Nyctalus noctula; Nyctalus noctula; Nyctalus noctula; noctula; labiata; lebanoticus; mecklenburzevi; altivolans; lardarius; magnus; major; minima; palustris; princeps; proterus; rufescens; mecklenburzevi - montanus; Unassigned - macuanus; noctula; lebanoticus; mecklenburzevi; labiata; lebanoticus; mecklenburzevi; altivolans; lardarius; magnus; major; minima; palustris; princeps; proterus; rufescens; mecklenburzevi - montanus; Unassigned - macuanus; noctula; lardarius; altivolans; magnus; major; proterus; rufescens; palustris; macuanus; minima; princeps; mecklenburzevi; montanus; lebanoticus; Noctule commune; Grof3er Abendsegler; Néctulomediano; Noctule; Noctule Bat; Common Noctule; Noctule; Noctule Bat; Noctule; Noctule; N. noctula